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LEFT MANIZALES 106 MANNA ASH electric light plant, banks, and news- papers. It has foundries, machine shops, furniture, agricultural implement and shipbuilding works. Manitowoc was chartered as a city in 1870. Pop. (1910) 13,027; (1920) 17,563. MANIZALES, South America, a town in Colombia, 100 miles N. W. of Bogota. It is an important center of the gold- mining and stock-breeding industries, with a population of about 35,000. MANKATO, a city and county-seat of Blue Earth co., Minn.; at the junction of the Minnesota and Blue Earth rivers, and on the Chicago and Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Chicago Great Western rail- roads; 86 miles S. W. of St. Paul. It is in an agricultural and timber region. Here are a State Normal School, hos- pitals, a public library, National and savings banks, electric lights, and water- works. The city has daily and weekly newspapers; manufactories of fiber, lin- seed oil, crackers, foundry products, flour, hosiery, and candy; important marble, cement, limestone, and lumber interests. Mankato was the scene of several battles during the Sioux Indian War, and here 38 Sioux were executed in 1862. Pop. (1910) 10,365; (1920) 12,469. MANN, HORACE, an American edu- cator; born in Franklin, Mass., May 4, 1796. He was member of Congress from Massachusetts in 1848-1853; president of Antioch College in 1852-1859. He was one of the foremost men in educational reform; and published, besides his edu- cational lectures and voluminous contro- versial writings, "A Few Thoughts for a Young Man" (1850); "Slavery: Let- ters and Speeches" (1851) ; and "Powers and Duties of Woman" (1853). He died in Yellow Springs, 0., Aug. 2, 1859. MANN, JAMES ROBERT, member of Congress from Illinois ; born in Bloom- ington. 111. in 1856. In his early child- hood he removed with his parents to Iroquois co., 111. He graduated from the University of Illinois in 1876 and studied law at the Union College of Law, Chicago. He was admitted to the bar in 1881 and began practice in Chicago. He served as alderman in Chicago for several years, entered actively into politics as temporary chairman of the Republican State Convention in 1894, was elected to Congress in 1897, and was successively re-elected until 1919. He became one of the most conspicuous Re- publican members of the House and was minority leader from the 62d to the 65th Congresses. As chairman of impoi'tant committees he had much to do with the passage of important legislation and was reckoned an authority on matters relating to tariff and financial problems. Chiefly through his efforts there was passed the so-called Mann White Slave Act. On the election of a Republican Congress in 1918 he was defeated for the majority leadership by T. W. Mondell of Wyoming. He continued, however, to be one of the most influential members of the House. MANNA, "a small, round thing, as small as the hoar frost," which lay on the face of the wilderness every morning except on the Sabbath (Exod. xvi: 14, 26, 27), sent by Jehovah as bread rained from heaven (ver. 4, 5), and continued during the whole 40 years of the Israel- ite wanderings in the wilderness (ver. 35). It melted when the sun became hot (ver. 21), and if left till next day bred worms and stank (ver. 20). An omer of it was preserved to show to future generations the nature of the food divinely provided in the desert. Attempts have been made to identify it with some of the other substances now named manna. In botany, a concrete discharge from the bark of Fixixinus t^otundifolia and some other species of the genus, includ- ing in the S. of Europe the common ash, F. excelsior. The sweetness is due to the presence, not of sugar, but of man- nite. Eucalyptus Trvannifera, an Aus- tralian tree, exudes a substance like manna, but less nauseous. Manna of Briangon is an exudation from the com- mon larch. Manna of Mount Sinai is an exudation produced by the puncture of an insect, Coccus manniparus on Tamarix Tnannifera. In chemistry, a saccharine juice Which exudes from certain species of ash, chief- ly Fraxinus ortins, found growing in the S. of Europe and in Asia Minor. It has an odor resembling that of honey, and tastes nauseously sweet, with a slight acridity. It is soluble in water and alco- hol, and its aqueous solution readily un- dergoes fermentation, yielding a liquid with a peculiar odor and containing butyric acid. MANNA ASH, a tree which grows on the skirts of mountains in Calabria. Be- tween the middle of June and the end of July the manna gatherers make an incision in the bole of the tree, which they deepen the second day, inserting a maple leaf to receive the gum. Sometimes bits of reed or twigs are applied, on which the manna hardens in tubular pieces called canali; these being consid- ered purer than the rest, fetch a higher price.