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LEFT MANGO FISH 103 MANILA MANGO FISH, Polynemus paradiseus or longifilis, known in India as the tupsee. It is about 8 or 9 inches in length, and is found in the Bay of Bengal, ascending the Ganges and other rivers to a con- siderable extent. Its popular English name has reference to its beautiful yellow color, resembling that of a ripe mango. MANGOLD WURZEL, or MANGEL WURZEL, Beta vulgaris, variety macro- rhiza. It is cultivated chiefly as fodder for cattle. The roots are used for food; they have sugar enough in their com- position to be profitably extracted, as is the case with ordinary beet. MANGOSTEEN, or MANGOSTAN, the fruit of Garcinia mcngostana, a fruit about the size of an orange, filled with a sweet pulp. The tree bearing it grows in Malacca, and is cultivated in South Tenasserim. MANGROVE, a tree inhabiting the shores of the tropical parts of the world in either hemisphere, and well known to navigators on account of the dense groves which it forms, even down into the water itself. It belongs to the genus Rhizo- phora (its name being Rhizophora Man- gle), and is principally remarkable for its seeds germinating before they leave the case in which they were generated on the branches. The young radicle grows downward through the humid air, till it reaches the mud, in which it fixes itself, and then the leaves and new stem unfold at the opposite end. The white mangrove is Lagmicularia racemosa, and the black mangrove, Aviceiuiia tomentosa. MANHATTAN, county-seat in Riley CO., Kan.. 51 miles W. of Topeka, on the Kansas River, Union Pacific, and Chi- cago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads. Seat of State Agricultural College. Com- mercial _ center of prosperous farming, stock-raising and fruit district. Commis- sion form of city government. Pop. (1910) 5,722; (1920) 7,989. MANHATTAN, one of the boroughs comprising the city of New York. It is the parent settlement, built on the island of Manhattan, and is the richest and most important of the boroughs. It is joined by the borough of the Bronx. See New York. MANHATTAN COLLEGE, an educa- tional institution in Manhattan borough of New York City; founded in 1853 under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 20; students, 250; president, Rev. Brother Jasper. MANHATTAN ISLAND, at mouth of Hudson river, coterminous with the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Contains principal business and resi- dential buildings of the city, and is over 13 miles long, with a width of 2^ miles in the center, the area being about 22 square miles. Foundations are of rock. See New York ^ MANIA. See INSANITY. MANICHJEISM, or MANICHEEISM (-ke'-), the religious system founded by Mani or Manes, who either claimed to be or was regarded by his followers as the Paraclete promised by Jesus (John xiv: 16, 17). Mani postulated two primal beings. Light (God) and Darkness, under the similitude of kingdoms, and from the latter Satan and his angels were born. Adam owed his being to Satan. Con- tinual conflict exists between the two kingdoms, and, when the Kingdom of Light is victorious, the world will be destroyed by fire, and the supremacy of God established. The ethics of the sys- tem were severely ascetic. The Man- ichseans were divided into two classes — the "elect" and the "hearers." The for- mer were bound to observe the three seals: (1) Of the mouth, forbidding ani- mal food, the use of wine and milk, and impure speech; (2) of the hands, for- bidding the destruction of life, whether animal or vegetable; and (3) of the bosom, forbidding (probably) marriage (certainly oif spring), since woman was regarded as the gift of the demons. The hearers were less strictly bound. The Old Testament was rejected, and only so much of the New taken as suited the pe- culiar tenets of the sect. They had a kind of hierarchy, and fasting was prac- tised. The sect spread rapidly in the East, northern Africa, and southern Europe. It survived in various forms until the 10th century. MANICHORD, an instrument resem- bling the spinet and harpsichord. It was originally a monochord (single string), and is referred to by Biraud de Calanson, a poet of Provence. It was played by auills operated by jacks and keys on a key board. It was one of the predeces- sors of the pianoforte. MANIFEST, SHIP'S, a formal state- ment of a cargo for the use of the cus- tom house officers. MANILA, the chief town of the Phi- lippine Islands and capital of Luzon; on the E. side of a wide bay on the S. W. coast of Luzon, 650 miles S. E. of Hong Kong, with which city it has been con- nected by telegraph since 1881. It is di- vided into two portions by the Pasig riv- er. On the S. bank stands the old town (founded in 1571 by Legazpi), surrounded