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LEFT MANCHUS 100 KANDIN60 so coveted the economic control of this vast area, viewed possible Russian ab- sorption with great hostility, and fear of this was one of the chief causes of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905. By the treaty of Portsmouth, signed in 1905, both Russia and Japan pledged them- selves to evacuate Manchuria, except as regarded Kwang-Tung in which, with the consent of China, Japan succeeded to the Russian lease and rights. By the terms of the treaty, Russia also turned over to Japan a portion of the Manchurian Rail- vray, terminating at Port Arthur. In spite of promises thus given, both Russia and Japan continued, following the war, their attempts to dominate in Manchuria. These attempts, however, have been peaceful and are covered by a practical agreement to divide the terri- tory into Russian and Japanese "spheres of influence." In 1915 Japan obtained from China, practically by force, further concessions in Manchuria, including pos- session of the South Manchmnan Rail- way. Specf'il privileges were also grant- ed to Japanese subjects in South Man- churia, with preference to the Japanese in respect to serving as foreign advisers or instructors in financial, military, and police matters. Indications were at the close of the World War that Japan, unless prevented by the concerted action of the Great Powers, would finally con- trol the greater part of Manchuria. The Russian control of the northern part of the province, owing to the chaotic condi- tion in the Russian government, became loosened. China had by 1920 ceased to have more than a nominal control over the province. MANCHUS, a people of Tungusic (Siberian Mongolian) origin, whose rep- resentatives held the throne of China from 1644 to 1912. Before the conquest of China they were a rough, energetic, warlike people who after assuming the government of the empire showed de- termination and efficiency. Their original home, it is believed, was the base of the Long White Mountains north of Korea (Chosen), from whence commanded by a chieftain, Nurhachu (born 1559), they conquered almost all of Manchuria. In 1644 the Chinese General Wu-San-Kwei invited the Manchus to Peking to assist in crushing a rebellion. They came, conquered, and remained, establishing upon the Chinese throne the "Great Pure" dynasty which reigned from 1644 to 1912. MANCO CAPAC (ka-pak'), the found- er and legislator of the Peruvian empire, supposed to have flourished in the 12th century. Another inca of Peru, named Manco, succeeded his brother, who was put to death by Pizarro, 1533, and after some years of warfare was killed by the Spaniards. MANDALAY (man'da-la), the capital of the district of Upper Burma; situ- ated in a level plain about two miles from the left bank of the Irrawaddy. It consists of four concentric quadrangles, of which under native rule the inner most contained the palace, etc.; the sec- ond, which was surrounded by a moat and walls, contained the houses of the government officials, soldiers, etc.; while outside dwelt the general body of the people. Pop. about 140,000. MANDAMUS (-da'-), a writ issued by a superior court and directed to some inferior tribunal, or to some corporation or person exercising public authority, commanding the performance of some specified duty. M AND AN INDIANS (United States) a once famous tribe of Siouan origin now settled in the Fort Berthold Reser- vation, North Dakota. A prosperous energetic people when first discovered in the 18th century, they are now reduced to about 200. Though frequently mi- grating, they were not a nomadic people but lived in stockaded villages of round, log houses. They were agrarian and had regular seasons for hunting. They tattoed face and breast and were noted for elaborate ceremonies and rites, which included self-torture. MANDARIN (-ren'), a general term applied by foreigners to Chinese officers of every grade; derived from the Por- tuguese mandar, "to command." MANDATORY, a term employed in the Covenant of the League of Nations, signifying that certain territory con- taining a backward population is placed temporarily under the suzerainty of one of the members of the League for admirk- istrative purposes. MANDEVILLE, SIR JOHN, an Eng. lish traveler who flourished in the 14th century. He was the author of a popular book of travels of that century, the writer of which claimed to have visited Turkey, Armenia, Tartary, Persia, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Ethiopia, Chaldea, Amazonia, and India; to have been in the services of the Sultan of Egypt; etc. MANDIBLE, a name applied to vari- ous jaw-organs — e. g., the third pair of appendages in crustaceans, the first pair of true appendages in insects, the lower jaw in vertebrates. MANDINGO, bay of Caribbean Sea, or> isthmus of Panama. Also called San