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LEFT MANCHESTER the Elliott and Sacred Heart Hospitals, the Woman's Aid Home, United States Government Building, public library, high school, and training school. The city has waterworks supplied by gravity from Lake Massabesic, electric light and street railroad plants, several National banks, daily and weekly newspapers, and more than 30 churches. The chief industrial plants are the great Amoskeag, Stark, Manchester, and Amory cotton mills. The city also has manufactories of loco- motives, fire engines, machinery, hosiery, shoes, etc. Pop. (1910) 70,063; (1920) 78,384. MANCHESTER, a city in Lancaster CO.. England; on the Irwell, an affluent of the Mersey, 31 miles E. of Liverpool. In- cluding Salford, a suburban town on the W. bank of the Irwell, it stands in a large plain, covering over 3,000 acres, surrounded with hills except on the W., and is the center of the cotton trade of Great Britain, and one of the principal manufacturing cities in the world. The Irk and the Medlock join the Irwell near the town, and are of the greatest ad- vantage to it. The Manchester Ship Canal (g. v.) has greatly developed the city's industrial importance. Factories and warehouses are numerous and of gi- gantic proportions. The principal among its public buildings are the Exchange, built in the Doric style; the Town Hall, an elegant building of Ionic architecture, formed on the model of the Temple of Erectheus at Athens, and the Com Ex- change. It has also several educational institutions, one of which, the college founded by Humphrey Chatham in 1665, contains a large library. There are. be- sides, several public libraries and a num- ber of associations for promoting liter- ature and science. It is as a manufac- turing city that Manchester derives its importance, being the great center of the cotton manufacture of England. Besides the population connected with the fac- tories, which almost absorb the plain goods trade, the principal articles man- ufactured are velvets, fustians, dimities, calicoes, checks, tickings, jeans, shirt- ings, ginghams, quiltings, handkerchiefs, nankeejis, diapers, muslinets, muslins, cambrics, and almost every kind of fancy cotton and silk goods. The spinning trade is extensive, and considerable quantities of yam are annually exported. Manchester derives considerable advan- tages from tbe almost inexhaustible coal fields in its neighborhood, and from the canals and railways which connect it with different parts of the country and the E. and W. seaboard. The climate of Man- chester is very healthy, despite the dis- 99 MANCHURIA advantage of the prevalence of smoke arising from the number of factories, etc. Pop. about 775,000. MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL, con- necting Manchester. England, with the open sea by means of ship traflic. The project was first sanctioned by Parlia- ment in 1885. Work began in 1887. The ceremony of opening it to traffic was per- formed in 1894. The canal is 35 miles long, and the expenditure was over $60,- 000,000. One of its interesting features is a swing aqueduct, which, including the water contained in it, weighs 1,600 tons, this being the first of its kind ever con- structed, MANCHURIA (-tsho'ri-a) (Chinese Shing-King), a Chinese territory occupy- ing the N. E. corner of the empire; bounded on the N. and E. by the Amur and Usuri. which separate it from the Russian territory; on the W. by the provinces of Irkutsk, Mongolia, aiid Chih- li, on the S. by the Gulf of Leaotong, the Yellow Sea, and Korea; it is divided into three provinces, Shing-King. Feng-Tien, or Leaotong in the S. (of which Mukden is the capital), Kirin in the center (with a capital of the same name), and He- Lung-Kiang in the N. (with capital Tsitsihar); total area, 362,310 square miles; pop. (est.) 13,000,000. The coun- try is mountainous, but on the whole fertile. The climate is good; though the winters are severe, they are healthy and bracing. The vast forests of the N. are rich in useful timber of all kinds. The principal food crops are pulse, millet, barley, and wheat. The vine, indigo, cotton, tobacco, etc., are cultivated. The administration is military, the governors of the two N. provinces being subordi- nate to the governor of Mukden. The Manchus are a hardy race and their country has long been the great re- cruiting ground for the Chinese army; but of late years vast numbers of Chi- nese proper have flocked into it, so that now they by far outnumber the native race. In the 17th century the Manchus invaded China and placed their leader's son on the throne. From that time until the final deposition of the Manchu dynasty, China continued in nominal rule of the coimtry. With the completion of the Trans-Si- berian Railroad in 1901, Russia began an aggressive attempt to control Manchuria. The Boxer Rebellioh in 1900 furnished an excuse for the sending of Russian forces into the province. These were not with- drawn after the disturbances had been quieted, although the Russian Govern- ment had promised that the occupation would not be permanent. Japan, whioh al-