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LEFT LOMBAUD COLLEGE 508 LOMBOK logical doctors of Paris in 1300 de- nounced it in 16 propositions culled from his writings. Peter Lombard's work was the subject of many commentaries down to the time of the Reformation. LOMBARD COLLEGE, a coeduca- tional institution in Galesburg, 111.; founded in 1851 under the auspices of the Universalist Church; reported at the close of 1919 : Professors and instructors, 20; students, 250; president, J. M. Tilden, LL. D. LOMBARDS, a people of Germanic descent, who were called by the Latin writers Longobardi or, more correctly, Langobardi, a name which is differently derived by different authorities. The people so designated first appear in his- tory as settled about the Lower Elbe, in Hanover and western Prussia, at the dawn of the Christian era. In the two centuries that followed they came more than once into conflict with the Romans. About 455 the Longobardi were settled in Moravia, and were tributary to the Herulians. The oppression of these masters stung them into revolt; they subdued the Herulians, and after them the Gepidae, and established themselves as the ruling race in Pannonia. Under Albion, their king, they invaded Italy in 568, and possessed themselves of the greater part of northern and central Italy, Pavia being the last city to sub- mit. They subsequently extended their power as far S. as Spoleto and Bene- vento, both of which duchies were held by Lombard dukes. His second successor, Authari, assumed the Roman title of Flavius, and under the influence of his queen, Theodelinda, a Frankish princess, the nation began to change its Arian faith fo.- the Catholic. The Longobardi, though never a numer- ous race, were distinguished for love of war, but in Italy they became more civil- ized, adopted the Latin language, began to build churches and found monasteries, and gradually became assimilated with the Italians. King Rothari in 643, and his successors, embodied the legal cus- toms of the Lombards in a code, "Leges Longobardorum." Liutprand, king from 712 to T44, made an unsuccessful attempt A) subdue all Italy. His strongest op- ponent was the Pope, who summoned the Franks to his assistance. Charlemagne in 774 overthrew the Lombard dynasty, and had himself crowned King of the Franks and the Lombards; and hence- forward the Lombards were entirely merged in the Italians. No traces of their language remain. Their earliest historian whose works survive, Paul the Deacon, wrote Jt< Latin, LOMBARDY, that part of Upper Italy which lies between the Alps and the Po, having the territory of Venice on the E., and Piedmont on the W. Its history begins with the conquest by the Romans in 222, who called it Gallia Cisalpina. After the break-up of the Roman empire it was successively in the hands of Odoacer, the Ostrogoths, the Byzantine emperors, and the Lombards. Charle- magne incorporated it in his empire, but from 843 it was ruled by a separate line of kings, though before the kingdom ended (961) it had broken up into a number of independent duchies and civic republics. The Lombard cities grew wealthy by industry and trade. They resisted sturdily and successfully the at- tempts of the Emperors Frederick I. and II. to curtail their liberties, forming themselves into strong leagues, which were powerful enough to rout the em- perors in pitched battles. But they were torn by internal dissension. After the death (1447) of the last Duke of Milan, whose ancestor. Count Azzo, had acquired the sovereignty over nearly all Lombardy in 1337, the country was made an object of contention between the King of France and the emperor. The last- named having got the better in the con- test, Lombardy passed through Charles V. to Spain, which held possession of it till 1713, when the duchies of Milan and Mantua came into the hands of Austria, and were designated "Austrian Lom- bardy." Napoleon made it a part of the Cisalpine republic, the Transpadane re- public, and the kingdom of Italy succes- sively. But in 1815 it was restored to Austria, and annexed politically to the newly-acquired Venetian territory under the name of the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom. This union was dissolved in 1859, when Lombardy was given up to the new kingdom of Italy, which divided it into the provinces of Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Cremona, Mantua, Milan, Pavia, and Sondrio. Pop. about 5,000,000. LOMBOK, an island, belonging to the Dutch, in the Indian Archipelago; be- tween Bali on the W. and Sunbawa on the E.; area, 2,393 square miles. Be- tween the two ranges which tra- verse the island, one of them ris- ing to the height of 11,500 feet there is a plain fertile in rice, cotton, maize, coffee, and tobacco. There are several active volcanoes. The fauna and flora have strong Australian affinities, Lombok being E. of Wallace's Line. The ruling class are Brahmans, but the mass of the population is Mohammedan. The capital is Mataram oh the W. coast. Pop. esti- mated at about 375,000.