Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 05.djvu/590

LEFT liOHENGBIN 506 LOIRE, HAUTE Generally speaking, down to the first half of the 19th century there was little dis- pute as to how logic should be defined. The Port Royalists had certainly called it the Art of Thinking; but the Art or Science of Reasoning, or the Art and Sci- ence of Reasoning met with little opposi- tion as a definition. This is how Whately defines it, and a writer of such opposite opinions as Tongiorgi, S. J., has substantially the same words; and a parallel passage to Whately's explana- tion as to how logic is at once a science and an art, occurs in Liberatore, who is read in many of the ecclesiastical colleges in Rome. Deductive logic, syllogistic logic; in which no more is inferred in the con- clusion than is implicitly contained in the premises. Equational logic, a system of logical notation in which propositions are ex- pressed in the form of equations. Inductive logic, the science which treats of inductive reasoning, by which, broadly speaking, a general proposition is inferred from a number of particular propositions. Modified logic, that logic which is con- cerned in the investigation of truth and its contradictory opposite error; of the causes of error, and the impediments to truth and their removal, and of the sub- sidiaries by which human thought may be strengthened and guided in its func- tions. LOHENGRIN (lo'en-grin), the hero of an old High German poem, written in the end of the 13th century. He was the son of Parzival, and a knight of the Grail. At King Arthur's command he was taken by a swan through the air to Mainz, where he fought for Elsa, daughter of the Duke of Brabant, over- threw her persecutor, and married the lady. Then he accompanied the emperor to fight against the Hungarians, and sub- sequently warred against the Saracens. On his return home to Cologne, Elsa, contrary to his prohibition, persisted in asking him about his origin. After be- ing asked a third time he told her, but was at the same time carried away by the swan back to the Grail. Riickert's edition (1857) of the poem is the best. The poem is a continuation of Wolfram von Eschenbach's "Parzival." Wagner made it the subject of his great opera, "Lohengrin" (1848). LOIRE (Iwar), the longest river in France, rising in the Cevennes, in the department of Ardeche, at an elevation of 4,511 feet, flowing in a N. and N. W. direction through the center of France as far as Orleans, where it bends round to the S. W. and continues on to Tours; thence following, in general, a W. course to its embouchure in the Bay of Biscay. It is tidal to Nantes, 35 miles from its mouth; entire length, 620 miles. It be- comes navigable a little above Roanne, 550 miles from the sea. The Loire is notorious for the destructive inundations it causes, though the lower part of its course is protected by large dykes or leves, 20 feet high. The principal tribu- taries are the Nievre and the Maine (which is formed by the Sarthe, its affluent the Loir, and the Mayenne) on the right; and the Allier, Cher, Indre, and Vienne, on the left. The Loire is canalized along considerable stretches of its course, and is connected with the Seine, the Saone, and the harbor of Brest by canals. Its valley is extremely fertile. Area of drainage basin, 44,450 square miles. LOIRE, a department in the S. E. of France, formerly part of the province of Lyonnais and the county of Forez, com- prises the arrondissements of Montbri- son, Roanne, and St. Etienne, with St. Etienne for its capital; area, 1,852 square miles; pop. about 640,000. The mountains yield iron and lead, and the coalfields are the richest in France. Some 17,000 miners are employed, 25,000 in the iron industries, 12,000 in the silk, and 5,500 in the cotton industries. Woolens, linen, glass, paper, leather, etc., are likewise manufactured. Wine, fruit, fodder, and potatoes are the principal agricultural products. Timber and tur- pentine are yielded by the pine woods. Mineral springs abound, as at St. Gal- mier, St. Alban, etc. LOIRE, HAUTE, a department of central France, formed out of the for- mer province of Languedoc, the duchy of Auvergne, and the district of Forez, and bounded on the S. by Lozere and Ardeche. The Loire crosses it going N., the Allier going N. W. ; area, 1,930 square miles; pop. about 303,000. The surface forma a plateau, deeply trenched by river courses ; it ranges in elevation from 2,000 to 3,000 feet and rises in peaks and domes up to 5,755 feet above sea-level (Mount Meznec). In spite of the ungen- erous nature of the soil, agriculture is the chief calling of the inhabitants. But about 120,000 persons find employment at home in making lace from wool, cot- ton, flax, silk, gold, and silver. Some thousands of the inhabitants leave their houses for a time every year, to work in other parts of France. Coal and build- ing--stone are worked. Capital, Le Puy.