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LEFT LIVEBPOOIi 498 LIVONIA LIVERPOOL, BOBEBT BANKS JENKINSON, EABL OF, an English politician; born June 7, 1770. He en- tered Parliament under Pitt's auspices in 1790, and on his father being created Earl of Liverpool in 1796 he became Lord Hawkesbury. As foreign secretary in the Addington ministry he negotiated the treaty of Amiens, and he became home secretary in 1804. On the assassination of Percival in 1812 he became premier, and held that position till 1827. His opposition to all liberal measures, the severity with which he repressed internal disturbances, and his prosecution of Queen Caroline, rendered him extremely unpopular. He died in London, Eng- land, Dec. 4, 1828. LIVERPOOL, UNIVERSITY OF, an institution for higher education, founded in Liverpool, in 1881. From 1884 to 1903 it was a part of Victoria Uni- versity. It was then reorganized and made an independent university. It in- cludes the departments of art, science, engineering, law, and medicine. Much attention is given to the university exten- sion course. It has about 1,500 students. LIVINGSTON, a city of Montana, the county-seat of Park co. It is on the Yellowstone river, and on the Northern Pacific railroad. It is the headquarters of a railroad division, and its industries include machine shops, lumber mills, lime works, etc. It is the center of an important stock raising and agricultural region. It has a public library and a high school. Pop. (1910) 5,359; (1920) 6,311. LIVINGSTON, EDWARD, an Amer- ican statesman; born in Clermont, Co- lumbia CO., N. Y., May 26, 1764. He was a brother of Robert Livingston, was edu- cated at Princeton College, and was called to the bar in 1785. In 1794 he was elected member of Congress, and dis- tinguished himself by his opposition to Alien and Sedition Bills. He belonged to the party then called Republican, and since Democratic. In 1801 he retired from Congress, and accepted the two offices of mayor of New York, and at- torney-general for the district of New York. Owing to his negligence and the fraud of an agent, he resigned office in 1804, giving up his property to the State and settled at New Orleans. He became a member of the Legislature of Louisiana and revised the municipal law. He also drew up a new code of criminal law for the State. On this code his fame rests. His manuscript was burnt on the night it was finished, and he did the work over again, at the cost of two years' labor. In 1829 he became Senator of the United States, Secretary of State under Presi- dent Jackson, and, in 1833, ambassador to France. While at Paris he was chosen Foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences. He died in Rhinebeck, N. Y., May 23, 1836. LIVINGSTONE, DAVID, a Scotch traveler; born in Blantyre, March 19, 1813. He first went out to Africa in the service of the London Missionary Society, 1840. He discovered the Victoria Falls of the Zambezi in 1855. In 1858-1864 DR. DAVID LIVINGSTONE he prosecuted his labors as explorer and missionary in Africa, and was without any communication with Europe until found by Stanley. He worked in Africa till his death May 1, 1873. His works are : "Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa" (2 vols., 1857) ; "Nar- rative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its Tributaries" (1865) ; "Last Jour- nals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his Death" (1874). LIVONIA, one of the three former Baltic provinces of Russia to which be- long also the islands of Oesel, Mohn, and Kiino; area, 17,574 square miles; pop. about 1,778,500. It forms the E. side of the Gulf of Riga, and lies between Esthonia on the N. and Courland on the S. being separated from this latter by the Dwina river. The country is mostly flat, and nearly one-fourth of it is cov- ered with forests. Lakes and streams and marshes are common. The soil is only of moderate fertility; rye, barley, oats, flax, and potatoes being the princi- pal crops. Distilling, brewing, iron- founding, oil-pressing, and cork, wool, and paper manufacture are the more im- T)ortant industries. Sawmills are active.