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LEFT LEO 458 LEO Leo VI., Pope, succeeded John X. in 928. He is said to have been put to death by Marozia. Leo VII., Pope, was elected in succes- sion to John XL, son of Marozia. He negotiated a peace between Hugo, King of Italy, and Alberic, Duke of Rome, the son of the celebrated Marozia. Leo VIII. , Pope, was elected to the papal chair on the deposition of John XII., in 963, under the patronage of Otho L On Otho's withdrawal John re- entered Rome, and drove away Leo, but John dying soon afterward, Benedict V. was chosen Pope. The Emperor Otho subsequently took Rome, and exiling Benedict reinstated Leo, who died about 965. Leo IX., Pope, previously named Bi-u- no; born in Alsace, 1002. He was cousin to the Emperor Conrad the Salic, and was made Bishop of Toul at the age of 22. Through the influence of the Em- peror Henry III., son of Conrad, and also by the counsel of the monk Hildebrand, he was elected at the Diet of Worms, in 1048, to succeed Damasus II. as Pope. In 1058 he led an army against the Nor- mans in Italy, but was defeated and taken prisoner by their leader, Robert Guiscard, at the battle of Civitella. He was confined at Benevento about 10 months, and falling ill was allowed to re- turn to Rome, where he died in 1064. Leo X. (Giovanni de Medici), Pope, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, sovereign of Florence; born in Florence, Italy, in 1475. His father had him dedicated to the Church, and made a cardinal by In- nocent VIII. at the age of 13 years. Ex- iled from Florence, with the rest of his family, in 1494, he spent some years in travel in Germany, France, and Flan- ders._ In 1503 he returned to Rome and applied himself to the cultivation of science and the fine arts. He was ap- pointed by Julius II. legate with the papal army, and in 1512 he was taken prisoner by the French at the battle of Ravenna, and only regained his liberty after the evacuation of Milan by the French. The Medici were restored to their supremacy at Florence by the arms of the Spaniards. In the following year, 1513, Cardinal de Medici was elected Pope on the death of Julius II., and made his entry into Rome on April 11, the anniversary of his capture at Ra- venna. His pontificate of nine years is one of the most momentous of modern history in relation to great political changes, to the revival of literature and art, and, above all, to the Reformation. Leo X. succeeded in terminating the dis- putes between Louis XII. and the court ot Rome; he continued and brought to a close the Council of the Lateran; and, at a conference held at Bologna, con- cluded a concordat with Francis I. of France. In 1517 he discovered a con- spiracy formed against him by two car- dinals, one of whom was hanged, and the other imprisoned for life. He formed the project of a great war against the Turks, and resolved about the same time to complete the church of St. Peter at Rome. To raise the necessary money for these schemes he resorted to the sale of indulgences, the preaching of which in Saxony became the occasion of Luther's great enterprise. Leo published his first bull against Luther in June, 1520. See Luther. At the same epoch, war broke out afresh between the Emperor Charles V. and Francis I., the Pope allying him- self first with Francis, and soon after with Charles. The patron of literature and the fine arts, he encouraged the study of Greek and the collection of ancient manuscripts; restored the Roman Uni- versity and the great Laurentian Library of Florence; and gained the name, uni- versally conceded, of "Restorator of Let- ters." He died in 1521. Leo XL, Pope, of the Medici family, elected Pope 1605, at a very advanced age, and died in less than a month. Leo XII. (Annibale della Genga), Pope; born in Genoa, 1760, succeeded Pius VII. in 1823. He is noted for his benevolent character, and his attempts to suppress banditti and the remains of Carbonarism. He died in 1829. Leo XIII. (GiOAccHiNo Pecci), Pope; born in Carpineto, Italy, March 2, 1810. He was the son of Count Ludovico Pecci. Educated first at the Jesuit College of Viterbo and the schools of the Collegio Romano, he proceeded to the College of Noble Ecclesiastics. He greatly signal- ized himself in mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Having become Doctor of Laws, he was appointed by Pope Gregory XVI., a domestic prelate and Referendary of the Segnatura in 1837. He then took holy orders, received from the Pope the title of prothonotary apostolic, and was appointed in succession apostolic delegate at Benevento, Perugia, and Spoleto. Sent to Belgium as nuncio in 1843, he was created Archbishop of Damietta to qualify him for the office. Three years later he was nominated Bishop of Per- ugia, and in the consistory of Dec. 19, 1853, he was created a cardinal by Pius IX. In September, 1877, he was select- ed by the Pope to fill the office of Cardi- nal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. On the death of Pius IX. in 1878 Cardinal Pecci was elected as the representative of the Moderates. He assumed the title of Leo XIII. He re-