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LEFT LAITXA 416 LANSING Tymnninas (tyrant shrikes). Others divide them into the first two of these sub-families. LANKA (lang/ka), the ancient Sans- krit name of the island of Ceylon (q. v.) LANKAVATARA, one of the chief religious works of the Buddhists, which treats of their religious law, and of some of their most abstruse philosophi- cal problems. LANKESTEB, EDWIN BAY, an English scientist; born in London, Eng- land, May 15, 1847. A graduate of Christ Church, Oxford, he was Linacre Professor of Human and Comparative Anatomy at that university, and among the first authorities of his time in biology and physiology. He was made Professor of Zoology in London University in 1874; secretary of the British Association, and president of its biological section; was founder and president of the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth; di- rector of the natural history departments of the British Museum (1898-1907). He was editor of the "Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science." Among his books are: "Monograph of the Cepha- laspidian Fishes" (1870) ; "Developmental History of the Mollusca" (1875) ; "De- generation, a Chapter in Darwinism" (1880) ; "The Advancement of Science" (1890); "Kingdom of Man" (1907); "Science from an Easy Chair" (1910) ; "Diversions of a Naturalist" (1915). He contributed many articles on nature to the "Britannica.*' L A N N E R, the Falco lananus, a species of hawk, especially the female of the species, the male being called a lan- neret. It is a native of Southern Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia, and was much valued in falconry. LANSDOWNE, HENRY CHARLES KEITH FITZ-MAURICE, MARQUIS OF, an English statesman ; born Jan. 14, 1845. He succeeded to the marquisate in 1866; was a lord of the treasury 1869- 1872; subsequently under-secretary for war and for India; in 1883 became gov- ernor-general of Canada; viceroy of In- dia (1888); secretary for war (1895- 1900) ; secretary of state for foreign af- fairs (1900-1905). During part of the World War he was a minister without portfolio in the Asquith coalition cabinet. William Petty (1737-1805), 1st mar- quis, better known as Earl of Shelburne, began political life in 1763; became prime minister in 1782, but was driven from power by the Fox and North coali- tion. In 1874 he was made Marquis of Lansdowne. His second son. Lord Henry Petty (1780-1863), succeeded his brother as Marquis of Lansdowne in 1809; was a successful debater in Parlia- ment, generally acting with the Whig party. In 1827 he was home secretary; from 1831 to 1841 president of the coun- cil. He was leader of the opposition in the House of Lords from 1841 to 1846, when he entered the cabinet of Lord John Russell as president of the council. In 1852 he declined the premiership. LANSFORD, a borough of Pennsyl- vania, in Carbon co. It is on the Le- high and New England railroad. It is the center of an important coal mining region and its industries include the manufacture of silk goods, shirts, garage supplies, etc. Power is supplied from a large electric power plant in the neigh- borhood. Pop. (1910) 8,321; (1920) 9,625. LANSING, a city, capital of the State of Michigan, and county-seat of Ingham CO., on the Grand River and on the Grand Trunk, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern and several other railroads, 85 miles N. W. of Detroit. It is the farm- ing trade center for the surrounding re^ gion, and is engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements, flour, stoves, machinery, carriages, wagons, trunks, wheelbarrows, artificial stone and knit goods. It contains the State Capitol; State Hospital; State Library; United States government buildings; State School for the Blind; and the State In- dustrial School; and has electric light and street railroad plants; waterworks supplied from wells; abundant water power from the river; which is spanned by several bridges; National and State banks; about 20 churches; daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. Pop. (1910) 31,229; (1920) 57,327. LANSING, ROBERT, an American public official, born in Watertown, N. Y., m 1864. He graduated from Amherst College in 1886 and was admitted to the bar in 1889. Until 1892 he prac- ticed law in Watertown. In that year he was appointed associate counsel for the United States in the Bering Sea Arbitra- tion, and was also counsel for the United States during the Bering Sea Claims Commission, from 1896 to 1897. From 1903 he was counsel for the United States under the Alaskan _ Boundary Tribunal, and served as special counsel for international proceedings. He was appointed counselor of the State De- partment in 1914, and in the following year he was appointed Secretary of State ad interim on June 9, 1915. On June 23 of the same year he was ap-