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LEFT LACUNA 391 LADOGA trose in most of its reactions, but is dis- tinguished from it by giving no com- pound with sodic chloride, and by yield- ing lactonic and mucic acids instead of saccharic acid when oxidized by nitric acid. Lactose is the first aldehyde of dulcite. LACUNA (la-ku'na), plural LA- CUNA (-ne), in human anatomy, open spaces, prolonged into canaliculi or deli- cate tubes finer than the smallest capil- lary vessels, occurring in bone. The lacunse have an average length of 1-1800 of an inch, and are about half as wide and a third as thick. In botany (1) Singular, Link's name for an air-cell in a plant. (2) Plural, Small hollows or pits upon the under surface of the thallus in a lichen. In zoology, a genus of Littorinidas. Sixteen recent species are known and one fossil, the former from Norway, Great Britain, Spain, etc., the latter from the Scotch glacial beds. LADANUM (lad'-), in chemistry, CjoHsoOa; labdanum ; an odorous, resinous Bubstance which exudes in drops from the leaves and twigs of the Cistus cret- icus, a shrub growing in the island of Candia and in Syria. It is a dark- colored, tenacious resin, somewhat moist, exhaling an odor like that of ambergris. It was formerly much used for making stimulating plasters. Ladanum in sticks is prepared in Portugal, Spain, and the S. of France by boiling the leaves and branches of Cystus ladanifenis. LADAS, Alexander's messenger, noted for his swiftness of foot. LADD, GEOBGE TRUMBULL, an American educator; born in Painesville, O., Jan. 19, 1842. He was educated at Western Reserve College and Andover Theological Seminary: was pastor of Spring Street Congregational Church, Milwaukee, Wis., in 1871-1879; and Pro- fessor of Philosophy at Bowdoin College in 1879-1881, when he assumed the chair of philosophy at Yale. His works in- clude: "Doctrine of Sacred Scripture" (1883) ; "Elements of Physiological Psy- chology" (1887); "Psychology'^ (1894); Philosophy of Knowledge" (1897); "Es- says on the Higher Education" (1899) ; •'Philosophy of Conduct" (1902) ; "What Can I Know" (1914); "Intimate Glimpses of Life in India" (1919). He was decorated by the Emperor of Japan. LADIES' CATHOLIC BENEVO- LENT ASSOCIATION, an organization of Catholic women, established at Titus- ville, Pa., in 1890, having as its purpose the providing of benefits to be paid to families of members after death. Head- quarters are at Erie, Pa., and members are drawn from all over the United States. In 1916 the association had 157,525 members, and 1,253 branches. Its disbursements in death benefits had been $13,640,007.48, with relief benefits of $23,560. LADISLAS, the name of six Kings of Hungary: Ladislas I., King of Hun- gary; born in 1041, succeeded in 1079; died in 1095, and was canonized for his piety by Celestine III., 1198. Ladislas II., called the Infant, succeeded and died the same year, 1200. Ladislas III. suc- ceeded 1272, assassinated, after a life of debauchery and a disgraceful reign, 1290. Ladislas IV., the same as Uladis- las v., King of Poland, succeeded his father in the latter dignity, 1435, and was elected by the Hungarians, 1440, killed in battle by the Sultan Amurath, 1444. Ladislas V. succeeded in the 5th year of his age, 1444, and died suddenly, 1458. Ladislas VI., son of Casimir IV., King of Poland, and called, according to the Polish form of his name, Uladislas II., became King of Bohemia 1471, and King of Hungary 1490. Died in 1516. LADISLAS, LADISLAUS, or LANCELOT, King of Naples, called the Liberal and Victorious; born in 1376. He succeeded his father, Charles Duras, in 1386. He was previously Count of Provence and King of Hungary. He ob- tained the latter crown in 1403 during the imprisonment of Sigismund, who compelled him to return to Italy. On the death of his father he was opposed by Louis II., Duke of Anjou, which occasioned some bloody wars. Pope John XXIII. at first espoused the cause of Louis, but afterward took the part of Ladislaus, who, however, marched against Rome, and having taken it, turned his arms on the Florentines, whom he compelled to sue for peace, in 1413. He died in Naples, it is suspected of poison, in 1414. LADOGA (la-do'gji) LAKE, the largest lake of Europe; a short distance N. of Petrograd, in Russia, being crossed by the frontier line between that country and Finland; 129 miles in length; 78 in breadth; area, 6,998 square miles. There are numerous islands. The lake receives the waters of Lake Onega and Lake Ilmen in Russia and of Lake Sima and other lakes in Finland; and its own waters are carried off to the Gulf of Finland by the Neva (q. v.). The average depth does not exceed 300 feet, except in the N. W., where over a limited area the depth is about 730 feet. The navigation is exceedingly dangerous