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LEFT KILOLITEB 345 ZINETOSCOPE KILOLITEB, or KILOLITRE, a French measure of capacity for fluids, 1,000 liters. KILOMETER, or KILOMETRE, a French measure of length or distance, 1,000 meters. It is 1093.63 yards, about five-eighths of a mile. KILOWATT, an old French solid measure containing 1,000 cubic meters = 35316.6 English cubic feet. KILPATRICK, HUGH JUDSON, an American military officer; born in Deck- erton, N. J., Jan. 14, 1836. He was graduated at West Point in 1861. He served as captain at the battle of Big Bethel. In 1862 he took part in various operations of the army of the Potomac. He was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers in May, 1863, after which he was employed in a raid to Richmond for the release of Federal prisoners. He commanded the cavalry of Sherman's army on its march from Atlanta to Savannah. He was minister to Chile from 1865 to 1870, was reappointed in 1881. He died in Valparaiso, Dec. 4, 1881. KIMBERLEY, capital and chief tovm of Griqualand West, South Africa, the most important inland town of the Cape Colony. The British flag was first hoisted at Kimberley in November, 1871; but Griqualand West did not become an in- tegrral portion of the Cape Colony till October, 1880. The climate is healthful ; the soil, where water can be ob- tained, fertile. It holds the direct road from Cape Town and the sea to the Orange River Colony, the Transvaal, and the immense territories to the N.; and is important to travelers and "up-country" traders as the starting-place for the in- terior. Kimberley owes its existence to the diamond mines, the working of which dates from July, 1871, and of which the most important are Du Toit's Pan, Bult- fontein, De Beer's, and Kimberley Cen- tral. The town was the center of im- portant military operations in 1900, dur- ing the Boer War. Pop. (1918) 17,226. KINBURN, or KILBURN, a former fort of south Russia, opposite Otchakoff. It figured prominently in the Russo- Turkish Wars of 1771-1774 and 1787; and during the Crimean War it fell before the Allies, Oct. 17, 1855. The fortifications were razed in 1860. KINCARDINESHIRE, OR THE MEARNS, a northern county of Scot- land, bounded on the N. by the river Dee and Aberdeenshire, by Forfarshire on the W. and S., and the North Sea on the E. The principal rivers are Bervie Water, flowing south-eastward to the North Sea; the Water of Feugh; the Dye; Luther Water; and the Cowie. The county belonged to the old Celtic kingdom of Scotland; area, 244,000 acres, of which 121,000 are in cultivation. In the W. and N. W. the Grampians traverse the county. The principal towns are Stonehaven, which is the capi- tal; Laurencekirk and Inverbervie. Pop. about 45,000. KINCHOK, one of the two chief di- vinities of Tibet. KINDERGARTEN, a system of edu- cation for infants and young children, devised by Frederick Frobel (1782- 1852), by whom, in conjunction with Ronge, it was first carried out at Ham- burg, in 1849. Knowledge is imparted in an attractive form, chiefly by simple object lessons, by toys, games, singing, and work — plaiting, weaving, folding, and cutting out paper. Corporal pun- ishment is excluded. The kindergarten system is popular in the United States, and a part of the public school system in all large cities. KINDERSCOUT GRIT, a name given to the coarse gi'its and flagstones which occur toward the base of the Millstone Grit of England. The rock forms the tableland of Kinderscout in the Peak country. The grit is quarried at Eyam Moore, Derwent Edge, and other places, and is used for engine beds, foundations, and reservoir work. KINEMATICS, the science of pure motion, admitting conceptions of time and velocity, but excluding the concep- tion of force. From the kinematics of a point, all the properties of a curve may be deduced. KINETIC MOTOR, a vehicle impelled by means of stored energy. It is really a "stored-steam" system. KINETICS, a branch of dynamics which treats of forces imparting motion to or influencing motion already imparted to bodies. KINETOGRAPH, an apparatus for taking pictures of moving objects in their changing positions. It was invented by Edison, a forerunner of the present motion picture machines. KINETO-PHONOGRAPH, an appar- atus combining the principles of the kinetograph, the vitascope, and the phonograph, invented by Thomas A. Edi- son. KINETOSCOPE, an instrument in- vented by Perigal, for illustrating the