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LEFT XAMABAN 311 KAMPEN" worm. It is, however, a potent purga- tive. KAMARAN, a little island in the Red Sea, on the Arabian side, nearly opposite Massowah, with an area of 102 square miles, and inhabited by a few fishermen. The island was annexed by Great Britain in 1858, while the telegraph cable was being laid to Bombay. KAMBALtr (-ba'lo), KAMBALUC, or CAMBALUC (-ba'lok), the capital of China and the residence of the Mongol emperors 1234-1368. It partially corre- sponded with the part now called the "Tartar City" in Peking, was visited by Marco Polo, etc., in the 13th century, and made the seat of an archbishopric by Pope Clement V. in 1314. KAMCHATKA (kam-chat'ka), a pen- insula of Eastern Siberia, stretching S. into the Pacific between Bering Sea on the E. and the Sea of Okhotsk on the W. ; area, 104,260 square miles; pop. about 7,500, consisting of Kamchadales, Kory- aks, Lamuts, and Russians. Capital, Petropavlovsk. Pop. about 500. A chain of volcanic mountains runs down the center and reaches 15,408 feet in Ko- jerevska and 16,988 in Kluchefskaya. The latter was in active eruption at least twice in the 19th century (1854 and 1885). Hot springs abound. The prin- cipal river is the Kamchatka, which flows into the Pacific. The climate is colder than in corresponding latitudes in Europe; grass and tree vegetation are luxuriant. The principal occupations of the inhabitants are fishing and hunting. Furs are the most valuable production of the peninsula. The most useful do- mestic animal is a peculiar kind of dog, which is employed in hunting and sledg- ing. Kamchatka was annexed to Russia at the end of the 17th century, after the expedition of the Cossack chief Atlasof. The Kamchadales — the preponderating race (2,000 in number) — live mostly in the S. They are a hardy people, who dwell in winter in earth pits and in sum- mer in light huts. Their language has no known cognates; but they are now Russianized. See Maritime Province. KAMEHAMEHA (ka-me-ha'me-ha), the name of several Kings of the Sand- wich Islands. The most important was Kamehameha I., surnamed The Great; born in 1753. He subdued and governed the whole group of the Sandwich Is- lands, haang been first made King of Hawaii in 1781. He was progressive in his views and encouraged intercourse with Europeans. He died in Kailua, Hawaii, May 8, 1819. KAMENETZ. See PODOLIA. KAMENETZ-PODOLSK (ka'me-nets- po-dol'sk') (Polish, Kamieniec), capital of the Russian province of Podolia ; near the frontier of Austrian Galicia, on a steep rock above the Smotritza river. It has a Roman Catholic cathedral (1361), and a Greek cathedral (16th century). The town was destroyed by the Mongol chief Batu in 1240; taken by the Turks in 1672; returned to the Poles in 1699; and annexed by Russia in 1795. Pop. about 52,000. KAMENZ (ka'ments), a manufactur- ing town of Saxony, 22 miles N. E. of Dresden. It was the birthplace of Les- sing. Pop. about 12,000. KAMERTJN (ka-me-ron') the Came- roons (1) a district on the W. coast of Africa, on the Bight of Biafra, until the World War a German possession but now a British protectorate. Pop. whites about 2,000. Natives about 2,540,000. British forces invaded the country in August, 1914, and the fighting against the Germans continued until January 1916 when 700 officers and 14,000 native soldiers were forced to retire into Span- ish Guinea and there disarmed. The gar- rison of the last German fort surrend- ered in February, to the British. (2) A river in the Kamerun territory. There are several large and thriving towns_ (including King Bell's town) on the river, through which an extensive trade is carried on in ivory and palm-oil. (3) A mountain range in the territory, the highest peak of which has been esti- mated at over 13,000 feet. KAMES, the name given by geologrists to banks and ridges of gravel, sand, etc., associated with the glacial deposits of Scotland. KAMI (ka'me), in Japanese myth- ology, the name of certain spirits or di- vinities. The kami are believed to be partly elemental, subordinate to the deities of the sun and moon, and partly the spirits of men — in fact, every nat- ural agent and phenomenon is supposed to have its own spirit or genius. The number of these kami at the present day is estimated at 3,000, and they are wor- shipped in temples without statues or images. Each kami is represented by a mirror, as the emblem of purity; and all the rites and ceremonies seem to be typi- cal of purification. The priests who su- perintend the worship of these temples are called kannushi, or the ministers of the spirits. KAMPEN (kam'pen), a town of Holland; near the mouth of the Yssel;