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LEFT JUJUBE 291 JULIAN who succeeded Masinissa on the throne. After Micipsa's death Jugurtha soon caused Hiempsal to be murdered (119 B. C.)., whereupon Adherbal fled to Rome. Jugurtha succeeded in bribing great part of the Roman Senate, and obtained a de- cision in his favor, freeing him from the charge of the murder of Hiempsal, and assigning him a larger share of the king- dom than was given to Adherbal (117 B.C.). But Jugurtha soon invaded Ad- herbal's dominions, and, notwithstanding injunctions by the Romans to the con- trary, besieged him in the town of Cirta (112 B.C.), and caused him and the Ro- mans who were captured with him to be put to death with horrible tortures. Thereupon war was declared against Jugurtha by the Roman people; but, by bribing the generals, Jugurtha contrived for years to baflie the Roman power. He was finally delivered up to the Romans, and was carried in the triumph of Ma- rius, Jan. 1, 104 B. c, and then flun^r into a dungeon to die of hunger. Our inter- est in Jugurtha is due to Sallust's "Ju- gurthine War." JUJUBE, the popular name of a genus of spiny and deciduous shrubs or small trees, genus Zizyphus, natural order Rhamnacese. The species are numerous, and of several the fruit, which is blood- red or saffron-colored with a sweet granular pulp, is wholesome and pleasant to eat. The common jujube (Z. vul- garis) is a native of Syria, from which it was introduced into Europe. The fruit is dried and forms an article of com.merce. Z. Lotus, a shrub two or three feet high, is a native of Persia and the N. of Africa. Z. spina Chrisfi, or Christ's thorn, is said to have furnished the branches of which our Saviour's crown of thorns was made. Also a con- fection made of gum arabic or gelatine, sweetened and flavored. JUJUY (Ho-Hwe'), the extreme N. province of the Argentine Republic; a mountainous tract, bounded on the W. and N. by Bolivia; area 18,977 square miles; pop. about 77,000. Its minerals are rich. The chief industries are agri- culture and cattle-raising; sugar and wheat are the principal crops. The ex- ports consist of cattle, mules, fruit, chi- cha brandy, skins, gold-dust, and salt. Capital Jujuy, on the San Francisco river, has a custom-house, national col- lege, etc., pop. about 6,000. JUKES, JOSEPH BEETE, an English geologist; born near Birmingham, Eng- land, Oct. 10, 1811. He was graduated at Cambridge in 1836; in 1839 appointed geological surveyor of Newfoundland; in 1842 took part as naturalist in the ex- ploration and survey of Torres Strait, New Guinea, and the E. coast of Austra- lia; surveyed part of North Wales for the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (1846-1850); in 1850 became local director of the survey in Ireland. He wrote "Excursions in and About Newfoundland" (1842) ; "Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H. M. S. *Fly,' in Torres Strait, etc." (1847); "A Sketch of the Physical Structure of Aus- tralia" (1850); "Student's Manual of Geology" (1857, 5th ed. 1890) ; etc. He died in Dublin, Ireland, July 29, 1869. JULEP, in medicine, a demulcent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture. Al- so a fancy beverage composed of whisky, brandy, or other spirituous liquor, mixed with sugar, crushed ice, and sprigs of young mint; called also mint-julep. JULLA. GENS, one of the most ancient patrician houses at Rome, of Alban ori- gin, and removed to Rome by Tullus Hostilius on the destruction of Alba Longa. It claimed descent from the mythical lulus, the son of Venus and An- chises. The most distinguished family of the Gens was that of Caesar. JULIAN, or JULIANUS, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, surnamed The Apostate, Roman emperor; born in Constantinople, probably Nov. 17, 331. He was the youngest son of Constantine the Great, and was educated in the tenets of Chris- tianity, but apostatized to paganism. In 35^ he was declared Casar, and sent to Gaul, where he obtained several victories over the Germans; and in 361 the troops in Gaul revolted from Constantius and declared for Julian. During the lifetime of his cousin Constantius he made pro- fession of the orthodox faith ; but on suc- ceeding to the throne he threw off all disguise, reopened the heathen temples, and sought to restore heathen worship; while he labored both by his pen and au- thority to destroy Christianity. He took from the Christian churches their riches and divided them among his soldiers. He sought likewise to induce the Chris- tians, by flattery or by favor, to embrace paganism; and published an edict that the name of Christian should be abol- ished. His malice was further evinced by extraordinary indulgences to the Jews, and an attempt to rebuild the tem- ple at Jerusalem, that the prophecy of Christ might be falsified; but it is said that flames of fire rose from beneath and consumed some of the workmen, by which miraculous interposition the design was frustrated. He was killed in 363 in his expedition against the Persians.