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LEFT JUDA-HAKADOSH 285 JUDGE to a close by Nebuchadnezzar, 588 b. C, who carried the vanquished inhabitants to Babylonia and distributed them be- yond the Euphrates. After their return from captivity this tribe in some sort united in itself the whole Hebrew nation, who from that time were known only as Judaei, Jews, descendants of Judah. Judah — when named in contradistinction to Israel, Ephraim, the kingdom of the Ten Tribes, or Samaria — denotes the kingdom of Judah and of David's de- scendants. One of the principal distinc- tions of this tribe is that it preserved the true religion and the public exercise of the priesthood, with the legal ceremonies in the temple at Jerusalem; while the Ten Tribes gave themselves ug to idola- try. JUDA-HAKADOSH, a famous rabbi in the time of the Emperor Aurelius to whom he was preceptor. He is said to have been the original compiler of the Mischna, or the Talmudical text. JUDAISM, one of the most important faiths in the world, which Christians, as well as Jews, consider to have been re- vealed by God. Ancient Judaism. — The earliest form of the Jewish faith was patriarchal. On the night of the Israelitish departure from Egypt an essential part of Judaism, in its second or more developed form, was begun by the institution of the passover (Exod. xii., xiii.). At Sinai two tables of stone were given containing the 10 commandments. Subsequently there was revealed to Moses, to be by him com- municated to the people, a complicated system of ceremonial observances, inter- spersed with judicial enactments. A splendid tabernacle — i. e., a tent — on a divine model, was erected as the habita- tion of Jehovah, in the journeyings through the wilderness, to be in due time followed by a temple, when the people were permanently settled. A hereditary priesthood was consecrated, and a theo- cratic form of government maintained, the supreme civil ruler, whether law- giver, military leader, judge, or king, being regarded as the vice-gerent of God. Ancient Judaism was the precursor of Christianity and the germ from which it sprang; and Christians generally be- lieve that all the ceremonies, sacred per- sonages, etc. of the older economy were types and shadows of the life and suffer- ings of Jesus Christ (Heb. ix., x., etc.). Modern Judaism. — After the Jev.'s lost their independence, and especially after the destruction of Jerusalem, the judicial regulations of the Mosaic law ceased to be observed. In the latter half of the 4th century arose the Jerusalem, and in Vol. V- the 6th the Babylonian Talmud, contain- ing the rules, constitutions, precepts, and interpretations intended to supplement those of the Old Testament. See He- brews: Jews. JUDAS ISCARIOT, one of the 12 apostles, and betrayer of his Master. For the paltry sum of about $15 he en- gaged with the Jewish Sanhedrim to guide them to a place where they could seize his Lord by night without danger of a tumult. But when he learned the result, a terrible remorse took possession of him; not succeeding in undoing his fatal work with the priests, he cast down before them the price of blood, crossed the gloomy valley of Hinnom, and hanged himself (Matt, xxvii: 3-10); or fell headlong and burst asunder (Luke xxii.; in Acts i: 18). JUDAS MACCABEUS. See Mac- cabees. JUDAS, or JUDE, brother of James, one of the 12 apostles. Matthew and Mark call him Thaddseus surnamed Lebbaeus. Nothing is known of his life. The General Epistle of Jude. — A short epistle thought by many to have been penned by Judo. So much of Jude's epistle is like II Peter, that portions of the one seem to have been transcribed from the other. JUDAS' TREE, a genus of trees of the natural order Leguminosse, sub-order Cxsalpinex. The common Judas' tree is a native of the S. of Europe and of the warmer temperate parts of Asia. It has almost orbicular, very obtuse leaves. The flowers, which are rose-colored, ap- pear before the leaves. There is a legend that Judas hanged himself on a tree of this kind. The American Judas' tree is very similar, but has acuminate leaves. The flower buds are frequently used in salads and pickled in Nnnegar. The wood of both species is very beauti- ful, veined with black, and takes an ex- cellent polish. The young shoots of the American Judas' tree are used in domes- tic dyeing and impart a fine color to wool. JUDD, SYLVESTER, an American novelist and theologian; born in West- hampton, Mass., July 23, 1813. He wrote a remarkable novel "Margaret" and "Richard Edney," another romance, "Philo" a poem, and "The Church," dis- courses. He died in Augusta, Me., Jan. 20, 1853. JUDE. See Judas. JUDGE, a legal officer. In ordinary language, a civil officer invested with power to hear and determine causes, civil -Cyc— S