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LEFT JOURFALISM 282 JOTJBNALISM empire in 1804 he was made a marshal and a member of the Council of State. In 1806 he was nominated governor of Naples, and afterward accompanied King Joseph Napoleon to Spain as chief of his staflF. Louis XVIII. made him a count in 1819. But his republican principles led him to enter heartily into the revolu- tion of 1830. He died in Paris, Nov. 23, 1833. JOURNALISM, the gathering and dis- tributing of news and opinion by the medium of newspapers. It has come to be one of the most important professions of civilized life. The first printed newspaper was called i-emberg in 1457. No copy of this_ has been preserved. The oldest printed paper existing is the "Neue Zeitung aus Hispanien und Italien'' (News from Spain and Italy), 1534, a copy of which is in the Nuremberg library. A weekly publication called the "Frankfurt Jour- nal" was started by Egenolf Emmel, in 1615. Thus, Germany was first in the introduction of newspapers, as she had been in the art of printing. In 1622 a paper called "The Weekly News" was published in London. The first French paper, "Gazette of France," was started in 1631, and has, with few interruptions, continued to the present day. The first daily paper in France was issued in 1777. The official organ of Sweden, "Potosch Inrikes Tidning," was com- menced in 1644; that of Holland, the "Haarlem Courant," in 1656, and the "St. Petersburg Gazette" in 1703. The first paper in Turkey was issued in 1827. The first American paper was published in Boston, Sept. 25, 1690. It was called "Publick Occurrences, both Foreign and Domestic," and consisted of three pages, two columns to a page, and one page blank, it was intended to be a monthly, but was suppressed on its first appear- ance. The Boston "News Letter," gen- erally considered the first American pa- per, was commenced April 24, 1704, by John Campbell. It was a weekly, printed on a sheet of foolscap, sometimes on a half sheet, and existed 72 years, till the British troops evacuated Boston, 1776. Its circulation was 300. The Bos- ton "Gazette" appeared in 1719. Phila- delphia's first paper was published in 1719, and New York's first paper in 1725. The most important paper of Colonial times was the New York "Weekly Jour- nal," issued in that city in 1733. Its editor, John Peter Zenger, was arrested for libel, the first case of the kind in the American courts. The oldest paper in New York, the "Commercial Advertiser," was founded by Noah Webster in 1793 under the name of the "Minerva." The first Western paper, called the "Sentinel of the Northwestern Territory," was founded by William Maxwell, in Cincin- nati, 1793. The first national organ, the "National Intelligencer," was removed from Philadelphia to Washington in 1779. It had formerly been called the "Independent Gazetteer." It was fol- lowed by the "United States Telegraph." The "Union," 1852-1853, was the last of- ficial organ. The first religious paper, called "The Recorder," was issued at Chillicothe, O., 1814, the "Boston Re- corder" appearing in 1816. The agricul- tural press was inaugurated by the "American Farmer," published in Balti- more in 1818, and the "Ploughboy" in Albany, 1821. The first successful com- mercial paper was the "New Orleans Prices Current," 1822. The first cheap paper was started in 1832 by Horace Gi-eeley, in connection with Horatio Shepard, but it did not prove a success. Of the leading New York newspapers the "Herald" was established in 1835 by James Gordon Bennett, the "Tribune" in 1841 by Horace Greeley, and the "Times" in 1851 by Henry J. Raymond. In 1837 reporters came into service and the sub-division and classification of editorial work began. In 1847 the Hoe press with its rapid work made a revolu- tion in the press-room, and the following year the telegraph began to play an im- portant part. In 1849 the New_ York Associated Press was formed. This was a combination of the leading papers of that city to facilitate the gathering of shipping news, and which has since been enlarged in its numbers and scope and has been followed by many similar com- binations. In 1859 the stereotyping of newspaper forms by the paper-matrix process was introduced and the Bullock circular press came into use. In 1860 trade papers first made their appearance, and the manufacture of paper out of wood-pulp and straw greatly reduced the cost of that heavy item of expense, and increased the circulation by lowering the price of newspapers. The New York "Tribune" was the first paper to use the Atlantic cable to report the news of the Franco-Prussian War, in 1870. _To-day American papers excel all others in their general makeup, attractive headlines, fine illustrations, and the variety and interest of their special articles. The Spanish-American War of 1898 called out the greatest possible enterprise and most lavish expenditure of money by our great daily papers. Despatch boats were hired at an expense of from $1,500 a day to $8,000 and $9,000 a month, some pa-
 * The Gazette," and was published in Nu-