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LEFT JASTROW 241 JAUBES rest being Armenians, Russians, g3T>- sies, etc. Jassy was the residence of the Moldavian princes from 1565. Here peace was concluded between Russia and Turkey in 1792. During Ypsilanti's in- ^rrection the town was almost destroyed by the Turkish Janizaries (1822). On a height close to the town is the residence of the former woiwodes or governors of Moldavia. Jassy became the seat of the Government in 1916, after the (Germans captured the capital, Bucharest. JASTROW, JOSEPH, an American psychologist, born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1863. He removed to the United States and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1882. After post grad- uate studies at Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, he was appointed professor of psy- chology at the University of Wisconsin in 1883. In 1900 he was president of the American Psychological Association. He published many works on psychology and was considered an authority in that branch of learning. His principal writ- ings include "Fact and Fable in Psy- chology" (1900) ; "The Subconscious" (1906); "Character and Temperament" (1915) ; "Psychology of Conviction" (1918). JASTBOW, MOBBIS, an American educator; born in Europe, Aug. 13, 1861; was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1881 and studied in Eu- rope; accepted chair of Semitic Lan- guages in the University of Pennsyl- vania; became a high authority on Se- mitic languages, religion and literature. He is the author of "Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians" (1898) ; "A Fragment of the Babylonian Dibbarra Epic" (1891); "The Study of Religion" (1901) ; two grammatical treatises of "Abu Zakariyya Hayyug"; "Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions" (1914) ; "The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria" (1915). He died on June 22, 1921. JATBOPHA, a genus of Euphoribi- aceae, tribe Crotoneas. The seeds of J. glandulifera yield an oil highly esteemed as a stimulant application in rheumatism and paralysis. Taken internally, they are violently purgative, irritant, and poisonous. Those of /. mtdtifida are also purgative, emetic, and poisonous. The expressed oil of J. glauca is used in India as an external application in chronic rheumatism and paralysis; the root of J. officinalis is given in Brazil in syphilis. JATS, the most numerous and valuable section of the agricultural population of the Punjab, number about 5,000,000. They are by many identified with the Getae; and some of the best authoritiea accept the theory that they are descend- ed from Scythian invaders of India in prehistoric times. Some scholars be- lieve them cognate with the gipsies. JAUNDICE, an affection in which many tissues of the body are stained yel- low, particularly the conjunctiva, skin, underneath the finger-nails, the urine, etc. It is caused by the coloring matter of the bile becoming absorbed into the blood from various morbid conditions of the liver, or the duodenal portion of the intestine, either from mechanical ob- struction of the bile, or from suppres- sion. JAUNPUB, the capital of a district in the Northwest Provinces of India; on the Gumti, here crossed by a bridge (1569-1573) 712 feet in length. The former capital of a Mohammedan king- dom, Jaunpur has several splendid ar- chitectural monuments, including Ibra- him's baths (1420), mosques, and ruins of mosques and of the fort. Pop. about 30,000. JAUBES, JEAN LEON, a French journalist and Socialist leader, bom in ^^^ JEAN JAURES Castres, 1859, educated at the Lycee Louis le Grand and the Ecole Normale Superieure. He was appointed profes- sor of philosophy in the University of Toulouse, where he remained till 1885, when he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a radical republican. Four years later, running for re-election, he