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LEFT JANUABIUS, ST. 234 JAPAN the French clergy still hold the principles of Jansenius. While Jansenism re- mained in France a theological school, it became in the Netherlands an independ- ent Church. In 1704, Codde, the vicar- apostolic of the archbishopric of Utrecht, was deposed by the Pope for holding Jansenistic views; but the chapter re- fused to acknowledge the validity of this deposition, and in 1723 they chose an archbishop of their own. Since that time they have had an archbishop at Utrecht, and bishops at Haarlem and Deventer. These Jansenists call them- selves by preference the disciples of St. Augustine. JANUARIUS, ST., or SAN GEN- NAKO, a martyr of the Christian faith under Diocletian. Bishop of Benevento in the 3rd century. According to the Neapolitan tradition, he was taken pri- soner at Nola; and the place of his mar- tyrdom, in 305, was Pozzuoli. His body is preserved at Naples, in the crypt of the cathedral, and in a chapel of the same church are also preserved the head of the martyr, and two phials supposed to contain his blood. On three festivals of each year — the chief of which is the day of the martyrdom, Sept. 19, the others the first Sunday evening in May and Dec. 16, as well as on occasions of public danger or calamity, the head and the phials of the blood are carried in solemn procession to the high altar of the cathedral, or of the church of St. Clare, where after prayer of longer or shorter duration, the blood, on the phials being brought into contact with the head, is believed to liquefy and is presented for the veneration of the people, or for the conviction of the doubter. It occasion- ally happens that a considerable time elapses before the liquefaction takes place, and sometimes it altogether fails. The latter is regarded as an omen of the worst import. JANUARY, the first month of the year. It was, among the Romans, held sacred to Janus, from whom it derived its name, and was added to the calendar along with February by Numa. It was not till the 18th century that January was universally adopted by European nations as the first month of the year, though the Romans considered it as such as far back as 251 B. c. JANUS (jan'us), one of the divinities of ancient Rome, and the only one having no equivalent in the Grecian mythology. He was represented as a son of Apollo, and as having built a small town on the Tiber, which he called Janiculum. As the name implies, Janus was the god of doors and gates, and in token of his of- fice carried a key in his hand. The first month of the English year receives its name from him, and he presided over the dawn of every day and the commence- ment of every undertaking. Janus was usually represented with two heads, look- ing in opposite directions. His temple at Rome was kept open in the time of war, and shut in time of peace. JANVIER, THOMAS ALLIBONE, an American author; born in Philadel- phia, Pa., July 16, 1849; received a com- mon school education; engaged in news- paper work in his native city in 1870- 1881; lived in New York during most of the period 1884-1894, and then went abroad. He is the author of "Color Studies" (1885); "The Mexican Guide" (1887) ; "The Aztec Treasure House" (1890); "Stories of Old New Spain" (1891) ; "In Old New York" (1894) ; "In the Sargasso Sea" (1898); "The Pass- ing of Thomas and Other Stories" (1900); "From the South of France" (1912) ; "At the Casa Napoleon" (1914). Died 1913. JAPAN, an island empire in the North Pacific Ocean, off the Asiatic coast. Area and Population. — The total area, including Japan proper, Korea, Formosa, Karafuto, Kwantung, and Pescadores, is 260,738 square miles. The population of Japan proper in 1918 was 57,784,935, ex- clusive of Korea, Formosa, and the army. The population of Korea is about 17,000,- 000, and of Formosa about 3,700,000. The total population of Japan is about 77,000,000. Japan proper consists of four large and many smaller islands, with an area of 148,756 square miles. Physical Features. — The islands of Ja- pan appear to be the highest portions of a huge chain of mountains which rises from a deep ocean bed; they are the ad- vanced frontier of the Asiatic continent. This chain, though dotted with volcanoes, is not therefore itself of volcanic origin. Earthquakes occur very frequently in Japan, though the W. slope, facing the Asiatic continent, is exempt. Its plains and valleys, with their foliage surpass- ing in richness that of any other extra- tropical region, its arcadian _ hillslopes and forest-clad heights, give it a claim to be considered one of the fairest por- tions of the earth. The sublime cone of the sacred Fuji-san (Fusiyama, Aino, "Fire-goddess Mountain"), an extinct or rather dormant volcano, rises from the sea to a height of 12,365 feet. Climate. — The late autumn is the dri- est and most agreeable season. The ocean current known as the Kuroshiwo ("Black Stream") considerably modifies