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LEFT JACKSON 221 JACKSON seat in 1798 to becoiiie judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court, where he served six years. When the War of 1812 broke out, he offered his services to Madison, then President, with 2,500 vol- unteers of Tennessee militia, of which he was commander-in-chief. In 1814 Jackson was made a major-general, and put in command of the Department of the South. He asked permission to drive the British out of Florida, where, by Spanish permission, they had established a base of operations. Failing to receive ANDREW JACKSON an answer because of the capture of Washington by the British, Jackson pro- ceeded on his own responsibility. He re- pulsed the enemy at Mobile, took Pensa- cola by storm, and then marched to New Orleans, where he fortified the city. A force of 12,000 of Wellington's veterans, relieved by the victory of Waterloo for American service, landed below the city. Jackson had 6,000 men to meet them, but they were well protected by breastworks. The British general, Packenham, resolved to take the defenses by storm. Jackson's victory was complete. The British were repulsed in half an hour, with a loss of 2,600 men, Packenham himself being among the slain. This great and de- cisive victory, achieved with but the loss of eight men, coming in the wake of several reverses to the American cause, made Jackson the hero of the nation. When, in 1819, the United States pur- Yol. V- chased Florida, Jackson was appointea governor. In 1823 he was elected to the United States Senate. In 1824 he was nominated by the Federalist and by the Republican conventions for the presi- dency. The election went to the House of Representatives, which chose John Quincy Adams. But in 1828 Jackson was again nominated, beating Adams by a large electoral and popular majority. His ad- ministration was memorable and stormy. He introduced the theory that "to the victors belong the spoils," and made wholesale removals of Federal officials to make room for his own appointees. South Carolina, under the lead of John C. Calhoun, the Vice-President, at- tempted to nullify the tariff law, calling a convention Nov. 19, 1833, which de- clared the law unconstitutional. Jack- son sent a naval force under Farragut to Charleston harbor. He attacked the United States Bank, opposing the re- newal of its charter, which would expire in 1836. He vetoed the bill renewing the charter. He was re-elected in 1832 by largely increased majorities. He suc- ceeded in securing the removal of the public funds from the United States bank to various State banks. After his second term of office as President, Jack- son lived mostly in retirement at "The Hermitage" near Nashville, where he died June 8, 1845. JACKSON, CHARLES THOMAS, an American scientist; born in Plymouth, Mass., June 21, 1805; was graduated at Harvard Medical College in 1829, and practiced in Boston; became State geolo- gist for Massachusetts and Maine in 1836, and land-surveyor and State geolo- gist for Rhode Island in 1839; appointed to survey the Lake Superior copper-min- ing district in 1847. He claimed to have been the first to point out, in 1832, the applicability of electricity to telegraphic use, and also claimed to be the discoverer of the anaesthetic effects of the inhalation of ether in 1842; received the Montyon prize of 2,500 francs from the French Academy of Sciences in 1852. He pub- lished a "Manual of Etherization, with a History of its Discovery" (1861) ; "Re- port on the Mineral Lands of the United States in Michigan" (1849); etc. He died in Somerville, Mass., Aug. 28, 1880. See Anesthesia. JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE, a British explorer; born in 1860. He was educated at the University of Edin- burgh. In 1886 he made a whaling voy- age in the Arctic seas. This was fol- lowed in 1893 by a journey of 3,000 miles to unexplored parts of Siberia. In 1894 he explored Franz Josef Land and -Cyt— O