Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 05.djvu/212

LEFT INTEBNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 172 INTEENATIONAL INSTITUTE modern motor the fuel is ignited by an electric spark, properly timed, which is usually furnished by a storage battery and intensified by a coil, or generated by a magneto. The lubricating system is usually either of the force feed or the splash type, and a great majority of the engines are water jacketed for cooling. This type of motor is used for motor vehicles of all types, for small power plants, airplanes, and motor boats. The typical internal combustion engine of the second type is the Diesel Engine, invented by a German, Rudolf Diesel, in 1898. In the Diesel Engine air is drawn into the cylinder, compressed to about economy is possible with this type of motor. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE, an institution located at Rome and having for its object the collecting and distributing of informa- tion and statistics about Agriculture. Founded by an American, David Lubin of California, who, after several vain attempts to secure government support, persuaded King Victor Emmanuel of Italy to give it his patronage in 1905. The King has endowed the institution with funds which give it an annual in- come of $60,000 and the Italian Govern- W 1 l/t^ CYLINDER Pl5TOt^ SUCTION 3TROH£ COMPRESSION EXHAUST ST/?OAr£ SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW A FOUR-STROKE CYCLE SINGLE-CYLINDER INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WORKS 500 pounds per square inch, which cre- ates a temperature of about 1000° F., then at the beginning of the down stroke of the motor, oil under high pressure is sprayed into the cylinder, where it is ig.utcd by the heat of the air in the cylinder. A constant pressure is main- tained during expansion. On the up stroke of the piston the burnt gases are expelled from the cylinder, and the cycle is repeated. This type of engine is prac- tical only in large sizes, and is used for stationary power plants, and for heavy marine duty. It may be either vertical or horizontal, and recent experimenta- tion has improved the speed control and simplified starting, which were the draw- backs of early models. A very high fuel ment has erected a handsome building for its home. A general assembly of dele- gates is held every two years and over 40 different countries are now repre- sented in its deliberations. In 1913 the assembly discussed methods of crop re- porting, an international service of sta- tistics, and made proposals to the de- partments of agriculture of the various nations concerning the control of plant diseases. The institute has collected a valuable library dealing with all phases of agricultural life, issuing weekly bulletins of books received or published on the subject. It has also aided the various countries in any special agricul- tural works in which it happens to be engaged, recommending experts and