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LEFT INTERDICT 170 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE ching to be done. The interdiction of any one from fire and water — /. e., from obtaining those necessaries — at Rome was tantamount to banishment from the city. In Roman Catholic ecclesiastical law and history, an ecclesiastical censure by which persons are debarred from " the use of certain sacraments, from all the divine offices, and from Christian burial." Interdicts seem to have com- menced with bishops in the 9th cen- tury (e. g. Hincmar of Laon, 869). On March 23, 1208, Pope Innocent III. placed England under an interdict, which was not removed till Dec. 6, 1213. On Dec. 17, 1538, Pope Paul III. published a bull excommunicating and deposing- Henry VIII., and placing the kingdom under an interdict. The Canon _ Law gradually introduced mitigations in the severity of interdicts. Baptisms and confirmations might be administered to persons in danger of death; marriage was permitted, but without solemnities; faithful ecclesiastics might be buried in the churchyaid, but in silence; priests might be ordained if there were not enough previously; there might be Low Mass every week, and High Mass at the five great festivals of Christmas, Easter, Whitsunday, Corpus Christi, and the As- sumption. In April, 1606, Pope Paul V. placed the republic of Venice under an interdict, which was met by determined and effectual resistance from the gov- ernment, and soon afterward interdicts fell into disuse. INTERDICT, in Scotch law, an order issued by the Court of Session to stop or prohibit a person from doing an illegal or wrongful act. The party ap- plying for it must have both title and in- terest to object to the act complained of — i. e., he must be more than a mere stranger. The principles on which it is granted in Scotland are substantially the same as those in which the parallel writ of injunction is granted by English and American courts. INTEREST, an allowance made for the use of borrowed money. The money on which interest is to be paid, is called the principal. The money paid is called the interest. The principal and interest, taken together, are called the amount. The ratio of the principal to the inter- est, per annum, is the rate or rate per cent. Interest is either simple or com- pound. Simple interest is the interest on the principal, during the time of the loan. Compound interest is the interest, not only on the principal, but on the in- terest also, as it falls due. The amount of interest legally obtainable varies in the States and Territories of the United States, according to the laws of the re- spective States. The exaction of interest was prohibited in England in 1197, and again in 1436. It was legalized, the rate being fixed at 10 per cent., in 1545, prohibited in 1552, restored in 1570, and reduced to 3 per cent, in 1713. A law passed on Aug. 10, 1854, removed all restrictions on its amount. In law, chattel real, as a lease for a given number of years, or a future es- tate; also any estate, right, or title in realty. INTERLAKEN, (in'ter-la-ken) ("be- tween the lakes"), a village of Switzer- land, in the beautiful valley of the Aar, between Lakes Thun and Brienz. Along the Walnut Avenue or Highway between the lakes there is an almost uninter- rupted line of hotels and boarding-houses. The village is visited anually by 20,000 to 30,000 tourists, who make it their starting-point for reaching many of the most wonderful sights that the country affords, especially the Bernese Ober- land, where are the Staubbach, Lauter- brunnen, the Grindelwald glaciers, etc. The nucleus of the village is a former monastery (founded 1130). Pop. about 4,000. INTERLOCUTOR, in Scotch law, a finding or judgment of a judge or court in a cause. INTERLUDE, in music, a short melo- dious phrase played by the organist (generally extempore) between the verses of a psalm or hymn tune. It is now in disuse in England. In French cathedrals a long interlude is played be- tween the verses of the " Magnificat." In the German Protestant Church an in- terlude (Zwischenspiel) is often played between each line of the verse. Ex- amples of its artistic use may be found in Mendelssohn's "Elijah" ("Cast thy burthen ") and " St. Paul " (" Sleepers, wake "). INTERMEZZO, (-met'zo), in music, an interlude; a short composition of a lively character played between the parts of a more important work, or between the acts of a drama, etc. INTERMITTENT FEVER. See Ague. INTERNAL COMBUSTION EN- GINE, a type of prime mover in which the actuating energy, in the forni of heat, is generated by combustion within the cylinder of the engine. The commercial introduction and im- provements of the internal combustion