Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 05.djvu/199

LEFT INNOCENT 159 INNSBRUCK influence extended even to Constanti- nople. Innocent enforced purity of mor- als in the clergy and was himself irre- proachable in private life. In 1215 he convoked the fourth general council of the Lateran. He died in 1216. Innocent IV. (Sinibaldi de Fieschi) was a Genoese, and became chancellor of the Roman Church. Gregory IX. cre- ated him a cardinal in 1227. He suc- ceeded Celestine IV. in 1243 at which time the court of Rome was engaged in a contest with the Emperor Frederick II. Innocent was obliged to retire to France, where he held the council of Lyons in which Frederick was excom- municated. He is said to have been the first who gave red hats to the cardinals. He died in Naples in 1254. Innocent V., a Dominican, became archbishop of Lyons, a cardinal, and suc- ceeded Gregory X. in 1276, but died five months after his election. Some reli- gious pieces of his have been printed. Innocent VI., cardinal-bishop of Os- tia, succeeded Clement VI. in 1352. He was a man of great learning and liber- ality, and some of his letters are extant. He died in Avignon in 1362. Innocent VII., born in Abruzzo in 1336, was elected Pope in 1404, but not without great opposition. He died in 1406. Innocent VIII. , a noble Genoese, of Greek extraction; born in 1431; obtained the tiara, in succession to Sixtus IV., in 1484. He endeavored to organize an- other crusade but without success. He died in 1492. Innocent IX., born in Bologna, in 1519, ascended the papal throne on the death of Gregory XIV., in 1591,. but died two months afterward. Innocent X. (J. Baptist Pamphilius), a Roman, succeeded Urban VIII. in 1644, at the age of 73. He condemned the doctrines of Jansenius, and prosecuted the Barberini family with great violence. He died in 1655. Innocent XI. (Benedetto Odescalchi), born in 1611, was the son of a banker at Como, in the Milanese. In his youth he served as a soldier in Germany and Po- land, quitted the camp to take orders, and rose through the intermediate dig- nities to the pontificate in 1676, on the death of Clement X. He was eminent for his probity and austerity. He re- solved to put an end to the mischief which had grown out of a prescriptive claim of the foreign ambassadors at Rome to a right of asylum. This led to a long quarrel with France, as Innocent would not make any exception to his rule. The sect of the Quietists arose at Rome under this pontificate. Innocent died in 1689. Innocent XII. (Antonio Pignatelli), a noble Neapolitan, succeeded Alexander VIII. in 1691. He abolished the extraor- dinary distinctions paid to the nephews of Popes, and condemned the "Maxims of the Saints," written by Fenelon. He died in 1700. Innocent XIII. (Michael Angelo Conti), a Roman, and the 8th Pope of his family, born in 1655, succeeded Clement XI. in 1721. He was opposed to the Jesuits and forbade new novices for the order, the suppression of which he at one time contemplated. He died in 1724. INNOCENTS' DAY, the English name for the feast celebrated on Dec. 28, to commemorate the massacre of the chil- dren of Bethlehem by Herod, in the hope of killing Jesus. It was probably first celebrated toward the close of the 5th, or early in the 6th century. It is known in the Latin Church as the Feast of Holy Innocents, and Mass is said in pur- ple vestments, probably because the In- nocents "did not enter heaven till Christ at His Ascension opened it to those who believe." On the octave the vestments are red, the proper color of martyrs. In the Greek Church the feast is cele- brated on Dec. 29, and is knovn as the Feast of the 14,000 Holy Children. INNOMINATE ARTERY, the largest of the vessels which proceed from the arch of the aorta. It arises from the transverse portion of the arch before the carotid artery. It ascends obliquely to- ward the right, and divides into the right subclaian and the right carotid artery. It varies in length from 2 inches to 1 inch or less. Called also the brachyce- phalic artery. INNOMINATE BONE, the os coxae, or pelvic bone. It is constricted in the mid- dle and expanded above and below, and much bent. It articulates with its fel- low of the opposite side, with the sacrum, and with the femur. In early life it is in three portions; the ilium, the os pubis, and the ischium. They begin to ossify before birth, but the process is not com- pleted till the 23d or 25th year. INNSBRUCK, the capital of Tyrol, 109 miles from Munich. The Franciscan Church, or Hofkirche, built in the Ren- aissance style in 1553-1563, contains a beautiful monument to the Emperor Max- imilian I. and monuments to Andreas Hofer and his comrades Speckbacher and Haspinger, and to the Tyrolese who fell in the wars against France (1796- 1809). The university (founded in 1677) is rich in Alpine flora, and the usual museums, laboratories, etc. Among