Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/568

HAWAII  according to the census of 1914, was 255,912, compared with 191,909 in 1910. According to the 1921 census, the population was 255,912, divided as follows: American, British, German, and Russian, 25,000; Chinese, 22,600; Filipinos, 23,400; Hawaiian, 22,000; Japanese, 113,500; and Portuguese, 24,800. The remainder was made up of Coreans, mixed Hawaiians, Porto Ricans, Spanish, and others.

History.—The Hawaiian Islands were discovered by the Spaniards under Gaetano in 1549, and examined by Captain Cook in 1778, and during the greater part of the 19th century formed an independent kingdom, recognized as such by the United States, Great Britain, France, and other governments. In 1893 the reigning queen, Liliuokalani, was deposed and a provisional government formed. This provisional government resolved itself into a Republic in 1894, with two Houses and a President. Several attempts were made toward the annexation of Hawaii to the United States, and on July 7, 1898, the Congress of the United States passed a resolution to that effect. On Aug. 12, 1898, Hawaii was formally annexed to the United States. The islands, now known as the Territory of Hawaii, are governed by a governor appointed by the President. All whites, natives of Hawaii, and persons of African descent who were citizens of Hawaii before the annexation, are citizens of the United States. The president of the provisional and republican governments, and also the first governor after annexation was Sanford B. Dole.

On June 14, 1900, Hawaii was organized as a Territory. Mr. Sanford B. Dole was succeeded as Governor by George R. Carter. He served until 1907. In 1909 the United States Government decided to establish a large military station at Hawaii and work was begun on the fortifications and other necessary work. The organic act was amended in important details in 1910. Especially important changes were made in the land laws. Dredging of Pearl Harbor Channel, which had gone on for many years, was completed in 1912, The legislature of 1913 adopted measures of electoral reform.

Hawaii is the largest military outpost of the United States and was much affected by the declaration of war between the United States and Germany. The National Guard was brought to the maximum point of enlistment and efficiency and took over the policing of the islands. Eight German vessels and gunboats, which had been interned at Honolulu at the outbreak of the war, were seized by

the United States Navy, following the declaration of war with Germany. On June 1, 1918, the first and second regiments of the National Guard were drafted into Federal service. The Territory suffered the greatest storm in its history during 1918. Much damage was done to property. A special session of the Legislature provided for the rebuilding of bridges and other public works. The great Pearl Harbor dry dock was opened in August, 1919. The Secretary of the Navy and others were present.

In 1920 the islands were unusually prosperous, due largely to the high price of sugar. A commission was appointed by the Legislature to ask Congress to amend the Territorial Organic Act in relation to the land laws. There were strikes during 1920 which lasted from Feb. 1 to June 30. These affected the large plantations. In April, 1920, there was celebrated the centennial of the landing in Hawaii of the first Christian missionaries. During the ceremonies the Prince of Wales was a guest for several days.  HAWARDEN, a small market-town of Flintshire, North Wales. There are some manufactures of tiles, pottery, etc. Lady Hamilton passed her girlhood here, Hawarden Castle, Gladstone's home, dates from 1752.  HAWK, the name of the several species of the genera Accipiter and Astur. The sparrow hawk is Accipiter nisus, the goshawk, Astur palumbarius. Nauclerus furcatus is sometimes called the swallow-tailed hawk; it is, however, a kite. Also the name of the sub-family Accipitrinæ, called more fully sparrow hawks. The bill is short, suddenly curved from the base, with a large festoon in the upper mandible. The wings are short. The male is often much smaller than the female. Hawks are generally distributed over the globe. Their prey consists of small birds and mammals. They build in trees.  HAWKESBURY, a river of New South Wales, Australia, rises in the Cullarin Range, and enters the Pacific at Broken Bay. It has a total length of 330 miles. The Hawkesbury is crossed by a steel girder bridge (1886-1889) on the railway between Sydney and Newcastle. It carries a double line of rails, and is one of the largest structures of its kind in the world, having seven spans of from 410 to 416 feet, and a total length between abutments of 2,900 feet.  HAWKINS, ANTHONY HOPE, an English novelist; writing under the name “Anthony Hope”; born in London, Feb,