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LEFT HABTZ 479 HARVARD UNIVERSITY in 1878. He served as rector in churches in St. Louis and organized the parish of St. Leo's in that city. He served as pastor in that church until his appoint- ment as Archbishop of Manila in 1903. He afterward became bishop of Omaha. HARTZ. See Hakz Mountains. HARUN AL-RASCHID. See Haroun. HARVARD, JOHN, an American clergyman; born in England in 1607. He was graduated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, England, and came to the United States in 1637. He was made a citizen of Massachusetts and given a tract of land in Charlestown, where he began preaching as a Congregational minister, and in his will bequeathed $3,750 and 320 volumes from his library for the establishment of a college. A granite monument was erected over his remains in Charlestown in 1828, and a memorial statue on the Delta at Harvard University was unveiled in 1884. See Harvard University. HARVARD OBSERVATORY, in Cambridge, Mass., founded in 1843, equipped with a 15-inch Merz & Mahler equatorial in 1847, with an 8 ^^ -inch Troughton & Simms meridian-circle in 1870, with various photometers by Pro- fessor Pickering since 1876, and with a large number and variety of photo- graphic telescopes, a part of the largest of them being loaned to the observatory by Mrs. Henry Draper since 1835. It is the richest endowed and in some respects (especially photographically) the best equipped observatory in the world. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, the oldest institution of learning in the United States, founded in Cambridge, Mass., 3 miles from Boston, in 1636. At a meet- ing of the General Court of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay convened on Sept. 8, only six years after its first settlement, it was voted to give £400 toward a "schoale or colledge," and the ensuing year 12 of the most eminent men of the colony, including John Cotton, and John Winthrop, were authorized "to take or- der for a college at Newtown." The name of Cambridge was soon afterward adopted in recognition of the English University, where many of the colonists had been educated. In 1638 John Har- vard, a young non-conformist minister, died in Charlestown, leaving to the col- lege £750, and his entire library of 300 volumes. The institution was immedi- ately opened, and was named after its benefactor. Its first president was the Rev. Henry Dunster. Between 1636 and 1782 Harvard Col- lege conferred only the degrees of Bach- elor and Master of Arts, but in 1780 the term University was applied to it in the constitution of Massachusetts. In 1782 and 1783 three professorships of medi- cine were established and the first de- gree of Bachelor in Medicine was con- ferred in 1788. In 1810 the lectures in medicine were transferred to Boston, and there the first medical college was built in 1815. The Law School was established in 1817, and has the distinction of being the earliest school in the country con- nected with a university and authorized to confer degrees in law. The Divinity School was a gradual outgrowth of the college; the Hollis professorship of Di- vinity was established in 1721, but the divinity faculty was not formally organ- ized till 1819. It is undenominational — ■ no assent to the peculiarities of any de- nomination of Christianity being re- quired of any instructor or student. These were the three oldest additions to the college, and justified the wider title. The Scientific School instituted in 1847, and at first announced as an advanced school in science and literature, was named after Abbott Lawrence, who pre- sented it with $50,000. It confers the degree of Bachelor of Science. The Graduate School, established in 1872, and placed in 1890, together with the Law- rence Scientific School, under the Fac- ulty of Arts and Sciences, confers also the degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doc- tor of Science. The Dental School, sit- uated in Boston, was instituted in 1867, its course being three years; it gives the degree of Doctor of Dental Medicine. The School of Veterinary Medicine was established in 1882, has a free clinic, a hospital, a pharmacy and shoeing forge, and its course of three years leads to the degree of D. V. M. The Arnold Ar- boretum was founded in 1872 as the out- come of the will of James Arnold, and is practically a public park of great beauty and an experiment station in Ar- boriculture, Dendrology and Forestry. The school of Agriculture and Horticul- ture was established in 1870 in accord- ance with the will of Benjamin Bussey, and is known as the Bussey Institution. It confers the degree of Bachelor of Agricultural Science. The Astronomical Observatory was established in 1843 by means of a public subscription ; the Sears Tier was built in 1846, and two years later Edward Bromfield Phillips be- queathed to the university the sum of $100,000 for the observatory. A branch station is established on a mountain 8,000 feet high, near Arequipa, Peru. Among the more important instruments are the 15-inch and 6-inch equatorial telescopes, the 8-inch transit-circle, the 11-inch Draper photographic telescope, the 8-