Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/539

LEFT HABAR 467 HARBORD was chosen Emperor of Germany, and from him descended the series of Aus- trian monarchs, all of the Hapsburg male line, down to Charles IV. inclusive. After that the dynasty, by the marriage of Maria Theresa to Francis Stephen of Lorraine, became the Hapsburg-Lor- raine. Francis II., the third of this line, was the last of the so-called "Holy Roman Emperors," this old title being changed by him for that of Emperor of Austria. From the Emperor Rudolph was also descended a Spanish dynasty which began with the Emperor Charles V. (Charles I. of Spain), and terminated with Charles II. in 1700. The castle of Hapsburg is still to be seen on the Wul- pelsberg. In 1881 the Austrians proposed to purchase the castle of Hapsburg and give it as a wedding gift to the Crown- prince of Austria; but the people of Aargau refused to hear of the sale. HARAR (ha-rar'), a city of Africa, in the country of the Gallas, about 200 miles W. S. W. of Berberah; on the slopes of the mountains which surround it, Mount Hakim on the W. rising to 8,400 feet. It is fenced with a low wall and forts, the wall being pierced by five gates. The streets are simply water- channels crossing the uneven surface; the houses are partly stone edifices, partly huts. In the neighborhood are fine banana groves and coffee gardens. Coffee, hides, cattle, and a dyestuff called wars, are the principal objects of com- merce, Harar, which was converted to Islam in 1521, was formerly the capital of an independent state. In 1875 it was conquered by the Egyptians, who, how- ever, handed it back to its native emir the same year. Pop. composed of native Harari (nearly one-half), Gallas, Somali and Abyssinians. HARBIN, or KHARBIN, a city of Manchuria, China, in the province of Kirin, situated on the Sunsari river, 615 N. E. of Port Arthur and 350 miles N. W. of Vladivostok. The city is not the result of natural development, but was the built-up headquarters of the military and railroad administration of the Russian Imperial Government in Manchuria. The first buildings were erected in 1896, the larger part being the residences of the Russian officials while the native quarter was largely made up of the railroad workers and other manual laborers. During the Russo-Japanese War, in 1904, the city was an important base for the Russian forces. In 1907, in accordance with the terms of the Chino-Japanese Treaty of 1905, the city was officially thrown open to the trade of the world. Consulates were established here by Germany, Great Britain, France, and the United States. As the central point of railway admin- istration, it was natural that many ex- tensive railway repair machine shops should be established here, but there were also 18 flour mills, meat packing establishments, brick yards, sugar re- fineries, candle factories. During the World War Harbin was active as a central depot of supplies along the route by which Russia received munitions of war from her allies. After the fall of the Czar's Government and the tem- porary Revolutionary regime under Kerensky, the Bolsheviki attempted to establish a soviet government here, in 1918, but the intervention of the United States and other Allied forces drove the influence of the Bolsheviki out of Man- churia. Nominally the Russian Govern- ment, as represented by various anti- Bolshevik Cossack leaders, still is in pos- session, but actually it is occupied by the Japanese. The total population before the World War was about 60,000. HARBOR GRACE, a port of entry and the second town of Newfoundland, on the W. side of Conception Bay, 84 miles W. N. W. of St. John's. It has a large but somewhat exposed harbor, with a revolving light, and carries on a con- siderable trade. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and contains a Catholic cathedral and convent. Pop. about 4,300. HARBORD, JAMES GUTHRIE, an American soldier, born in Bloomington, 111., in 1866. He graduated from the Kansas State Agricultural College in 1886. He entered the army as a private in 1889, and became 2d lieutenant in 1891. During the Spanish-American War he served as major of the 2d Volunteer Cavalry, and at the close of that war he was appointed 1st lieutenant of the 10th United States Cavalry. He rose through successive grades, becom- ing maior in 1914, and lieutenant colonel of the General Staff in 1917. In the same year he was appointed brigadier-general in the National Army, and in the follow- ing year was appointed major-general of the National Army. He was chief of staff of the American Expeditionary Force in France, from May, 1917, to May. 1918. In the latter year he com- manded the Marine Brigade near Chateau-Thierry. He was commander of the 2d Division, and following this had charge of the Service Supply until May, 1919. In May of that year he was re- appointed chief of staff of the American Expeditionary Force. From August to November, 1919, he was Chief of the