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LEFT HANOVER 466 HAPSBURG land is marshy, but feeds large numbers of very superior cattle. The Harz Mountains are rich in min- erals, the working of which is an im- portant industry. Hanover was long connected with the Brunswick family, and latterly more especially with the line of Brunswick-Liineburg. Ernest Augustus, a prince of the latter line, be- came, in 1692, the first Elector of Han- ovei", married a granddaughter of James I. of England, and was succeeded in 1698 by his son, George Louis, who in 1714 became George I. of England. Hence- forth it was ruled in connection with England. In 1814 the Congress of Vienna raised Hanover to the rank of a kingdom, the crown of which was worn by George IV. and William IV., but, on the accession of Queen Victoria, passed by Salic law to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. In 1851 he was suc- ceeded by his son, George V., but in 1866, Hanover having become involved in the Austro-Prussian contest, his kingdom was absorbed by Prussia. HANOVER, capital of the Prussian province of Hanover, situated in an ex- tensive plain on the Leine, which here receives the Ihme and becomes navi- gable. The old town, irregularly built with many antiquated buildings, is sur- rounded by the handsome new quarters which have arisen to the N„ E., and S. E. The principal buildings are the Mar- ket Church, the Old Town House, the Theater, one of the finest in Germany, the Royal Palace, the Museum of Art and Science, the Royal Library, the Waterloo Monument, etc. About a mile to the N. W. is Schloss Herrenhausen, the favorite residence of George I., George II., and George V. Near the town is the colossal Welfenschloss, or palace of the Guelphs. Hanover prior to the World War was a manufacturing town of some importance, had cotton- spinning, machine works, iron foundries, chemical works, tobacco and cigar fac- tories, etc. Hanover is first mentioned in 1163. It joined the Hanseatic League in 1481. It became the residence of the dukes of Brunswick-Liineburg, and capi- tal of the principality in 1636. Pop. aborut 313,000. HANOVER, a borough of Pennsyl- vania, in York co. It is on the Pennsyl- vania and the Western Maryland rail- roads. It is in the center of an impor- tant agricultural and iron-ore region. Its industries include the manufacture of cigars, gloves, silks, water wheels, flour, f^hoes, furniture, wire cloth, etc. The borough has a public library, and a bandsome high school, and two parks. Pop. (1910) 7,057; (1920) 8,664. HANOVER COLLEGE, a coeduca- tional institution in Hanover, Ind., founded in 1828 under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church, reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instruc- tors, 14; students, 224; president, AY. A. Millis, LL. D. HANSEATIC LEAGUE, a celebrated confederacy formed in the 13th century between certain commercial towns, with the view at once of restraining the rapacity of kings and nobles, and clear- ing the Elbe, the German Ocean, and other places from the pirates and rob- bers by which they were then infested. Becoming powerful, the League con- cluded treaties with monarchs, raised troops, and made war, as if it had been an independent political power. At the time when the League flourished most, it consisted of 85 confederate towns. It gave a powerful impulse to commerce, and when in 1631 it in large measure fell to pieces, it left behind various free republics which continued for a long period of time. HAPGOOD. ISABELLA FLpRENCE, an American translator and writer; born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 21, 1851. She published "The Epic Songs of Russia," "Russian Rambles," "A Survey of Rus- sian Literature" (1902) ; "Service Book of the Orthodox Catholic Church" (1906), etc. Is well known as a trans- lator of the v/orks of Gogol, Hugo, and other great European writers. HAPGOOD, NORMAN, an American journalist; born in Chicago, 111., March 28, 1868. He was graduated at Har- vard, the Harvard Law School, and studied literature in Europe. He be- came dramatic critic for the New York "Commercial Advertiser" and "Book- man," and published "Literary States- men" (1897) ; "Abraham Lincoln" (1899)', "Daniel Webster" (1899); "The Stage in America" (1901) ; "Industry and Progress" (1911). In 1903 he be- came editor of "Collier's Weekly" and subsequently of "Harper's Weekly." He served as Minister to Denmark in 1919, HAPSBURG, or HABSBURG (haps' bore), (properly Habichtsburg or Habsburg, the hawk's castle), a small place in the Swiss Canton of Aargau, on the right bank of the Aar. The castle was built about 1027 by Bishop Werner of Strassburg. Werner II., who died in 1096, is said to have been the first to assume the title of Count of Hapsburg, After the death, about 1232, of Rudolph II., the family divided into two branches, the founder of one of which was Albert IV. In 1273 Rudolph, son of Albert IV.,