Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/498

LEFT GUITEAU 426 GXTLF OF ST. LATJKENCE ing the human voice, and much esteemed in Spain and Italy. It was first intro- duced into the former country from the East by the Moors. It has six strings, and the sound is produced by the fingers of the right hand twitching the strings, while the fingers of the left hand make the notes of the music on the finger- board, which has frets across it. The three highest strings of the guitar are always of gut, and the three lowest are of silk spun over with silvered wire. The greatest virtuosi on the guitar have been Giuliani, Sor, Zocchi, StoU, and Horetzsky. GUITEAU, CHARLES JULIUS (ge- to'), an American assassin; born about 1840; became a lawyer in Chicago. In 1880, after the election of James A. Garfield to the presidency, Guiteau went to Washington presumably to secure the office of United States consul at Mar- seilles, but did not succeed. Owing to this failure and the fact that the new President was opposed to the "Stal- warts," led by Roscoe Conkling, Guiteau became greatly incensed. On July 2, 1881, he shot the President in the wait- ing room of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station in Washington; and on Sept. 19 the President died from the ef- fect of his wound. Letters taken from Guiteau after his arrest showed that he had planned to "remove" the President. He was indicted for murder on Oct. 7, was found guilty after trial on Jan. 25, 1882; and was hanged in the District of Columbia jail, June 30, following. GUITRY, LUCIEN. A French ac- tor. He was born in Paris in 1860, and after receiving his education in the Paris schools, went on the stage and had con- siderable success from the beginning. An opportunity offering for work in Russia he went there and spent nine years at the Theatre Michael, Petrograd. The roles in which he has won success are numerous, the most noted being in "L'Assommoir," "La Veine," "L'Adver- saire," "Le Mannequin-d'osier," "La Griffe," "Le Voleur," "Sampson," "L'Em- igre," "Chantecle." He is Manager of Porte St. Martin and Director of the Renaissance Theatre. G U I Z T, FIIAN9OIS - PIERRE - GUILLAUME (ge-z6'), a French his- torian; born in Nimes, Oct. 4, 1787; edu- cated at the gymnasium of Geneva, Swit- zerland. In 1805 he commenced legal studies at Paris, but gradually drifted into the literary profession. In 1812 he married Mile, de Meulan, editor of the "Publiciste," and became Professor of History at the Sorbonne. On the fall of the empire he obtained several public offices, such as councillor of state, and director-general of the department and communal administration. In 1816 he published "The Representative Govern- ment, and the Real Condition of France" and "An Essay on Public Instruction." In 1820 the Due de Barry was assassi- nated, and Guizot's party fell before an ultra-royalist reaction. In 1825 he was deprived of his chair on account of the political character of his lectures, but it was restored to him in 1828. In 1829 he again became councillor of state, and in 1830 was elected deputy for the arron- dissement of Lisieux. After the July revolution he was appointed minister of the interior, but resigned in 1831. After the death of Perier, Guizot, along with Thiers and De Broglie, formed a coali- tion ministry, and he rendered great service as minister of public instruction. He became ambassador at the British court in 1840, and next year he became the real head of the government of which Soult was the nominal chief. He re- tained the office of minister of foreign affairs until 1848, and during that period opposed all measures of reform. After the fall of Louis Philippe, Guizot es- caped and fled to England. Henceforth he practically retired from public life. Among his numerous works may be men- tioned: "History of Civilization in France"; "General History of Civiliza- tion in Europe"; "History of the Eng- lish Revolution"; "Meditations and Moral Studies"; "Memoirs in Regard to the History of My Time"; "Meditations on the Actual State of the Christian Re- ligion"; "Biographical and Literary Mis- cellanies"; "History of France, told by My Small Children"; "William the Con- queror"; and "Washington." He died in Val-Richer, France, Oct. 12, 1874. GUJARAT (guzh-ratO, or GUZERAT, the chief town of Gujarat district, in the Punjab, India; a few miles N. of the present bed of the Chenab; is a place of some military and political importance, as well as the center of a considerable trade. Here, in 1849, a decisive battle was fought, which finally broke the Sikh power, and brought the whole Punjab under British rule. GUJRANWALA (guzh-ran-wa'la) , chief town of Gujranwala district in the Punjab, India; 40 miles N. of Lahore. It was for a time the capital of the Sikh power, and Ran jit Singh was born here. GULDEN (gold'en), a silver coin of Austria-Hungary and also of Holland, worth about 40 cents ; also called a florin. GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE, a W. in- let of the North Atlantic Ocean, touching