Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/484

LEFT GRINGORE 412 GBISI riphery. The stones are commonly water- cooled. These mills are very successful in grinding liquid or semi-liquid mix- tures. GRINGORE (gran-gor'), or GRIN- GOIRE (gran-gwar'), PIERRE, a French dramatist and satiric poet; born between 1475 and 1480. He early be- came known as a writer of moral and allegorical poems, next of satirical farces abounding in allusions to the social and political circumstances of the time. He is an important figure in literary history as one of the creators of the French political comedy. In later life he entered the service of the Duke of Lorraine as a herald, and confined his muse to re- ligious poetry alone. He wrote: "The Game of the Prince of Blockheads" (1511), directed especially against Pope Julius II.; "The Foolish Undertakings," "The Hunt for the Stag of Stags," and the famous "Mystery of St. Loys" (about 1524). He died in 1544. GRINNELL, a city of Iowa, in Powe- shiek CO. It is on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and the Minneapolis and St. Louis railroads. Its industries include the manufacture of gloves, wash- ing machines, aeroplanes, carriages, etc. The notable public buildings include a Carnegie library, and the city is the seat of Grinnell College. Pop. (1910) 5,036; (1920) 5,362. GRINNELL, GEORGE BIRD, an American editor and author; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1849. He was the editor of "Forest and Stream." His works deal principally with Indian life and folklore. Among the best known are: "American Game Bird Shooting"; "The Story of the Indian": "Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk Tales"; "The Fighting Cheyennes." GRINNELL LAND, a barren, moun- tainous Polar tract, in lat. 80° N., sepa- rated from Greenland by Smith Sound and Kennedy Channel. It was discov- ered by Lieut. E. J. De Haven, and named after Henry Grinnell, of New York. Lieut. A. W. Greely thoroughly explored it. N. and S. it is covered with ice-caps; between them lie valleys that lose their snow in summer, and support herds of musk oxen and the usual Arctic fauna. In the interior Greely discovered Lake Hazen, 65 miles long, and two ranges of mountains, one containing a peak (Mount Arthur), 5,000 feet high. GRIP, or LA GRIPPE, a disease which frequently becomes an epidemic in different parts of the United States and_ Europe and in the East and West Indies. It is believed to be contagrious and is somewhat similar to influenza. The symptoms are fever, headache, swelling and pain in the smaller joints, eruption of the skin, etc. It is also known as "dengue," and, in the Southern States, as "break-bone fever." The dis- ease is produced by bacilli which, when magnified, appear somewhat like goose eggs in form and substance. They are usually discovered in pairs, and where the disease has attacked a person are abundant in the lung and bronchial tis- sues, and in the nasal and salivary secre- tions. They are imbibed in breathing, and will not breed except in a tempera- ture of at least 80°, yet no degree of natural cold can kill them. When in a temperature below that mentioned they remain in a dormant state. In 1892, the grip germ was discovered in Berlin by Prof. Robert Pfeifer, who observed that it breeds by lengthening itself and then dividing in the middle. This opera- tion requires about 20 minutes, and won- derful as it may seem, is continued until it produces 16,500,000 germs in 24 hours. GRIQTJALAND (gre'kwa-) WEST and EAST, two British districts of south Africa, part of the colony of Good Hope, named from the Griquas or Bastaards, a mixed race sprung from Dutch settlers and native women. Griqualand West lies to the N. E. of Cape Colony, is bounded on the S. by the Orange river, on the N. by Bechuana territory, on the E. by the former Orange Free State, now called Orange River Colony, on the W. by the Kalahari country; area, 15,197 square miles; pop. about 110,000. Por- tions of the country are suitable for sheep farming and agriculture, but the chief source of wealth is the diamond fields. The first diamond was discov- ered in 1867. Diamonds to the value of $75,000,000 were found there between 1883 and 1887. Kimberly (q. v.), which has had railway connection with the Cape since 1885, is the chief center of the diamond industry and the seat of government. The chief towns are De Beers, Du Toit's Pan, Bultfontein, Bark- ly, and Griqua Town, Griqualand West is now incorporated in the Cape and con- stitutes four of the 71 divisions. Gri- qualand East, area, 7,594 square miles ; pop. about 225,000. This territory was annexed to the Cape in 1875, and is now under colonial rule, having one chief magistrate and nine subordinates. Chief village, Kokstadt. GRISI, GIULIA (gre'se), an Italian singer; born in Milan, May 22, 1812. Her father (Garcia) was an officer of engineers in the army of Napoleon I., and her aunt the once famous cantatrice