Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/468

LEFT GREGORY 404 GREGORY, ST. Guibert, Archbishop of Ravenna, with the title of Clement III., and after sev- eral unsuccessful attempts entered Rome in 1084, had himself crowned emperor by his own Pope, and besieged Gregory in San Angelo. The Pope was delivered by Guiscard, and retiring to Salerno, died there May 25, 1085. Gregory VIII., born in Benevento, suc- ceeded Urban III., 1187, and died the same year, after having exhorted the Christian princes to undertake a new crusade. Gregory IX., Ugolino, Count of Segni, a native of Campania, and a near rela- tive of Innocent III.; born about 1147. He became bishop of Ostia, and cardinal, and in 1227 succeeded Honorius III. His coronation surpassed in magnificence any which had preceded it, and the ceremony lasted three days. The principal events of his pontificate were the various inci- dents of his contest with the great Em- peror Frederick II., whom he repeatedly excommunicated, absolving his subjects from their allegiance, and proclaiming a crusade against him. In 1229 Gregory levied a tithe on all movables in England toward the expenses of his war with Frederick. He established, a few years later, the inquisition at Toulouse and Carcassonne, excited by his haughty de- meanor a revolt at Rome in 1234, and was driven from the city, to which he did not return for three years. St. Anthony of Padua, St. Dominic, and St. Elizabeth were canonized by Gregory, who died in Rome, Aug. 21, 1241. Gregory X., of the illustrious family of Visconti, was elected Pope in 1271, after an interregnum of two years, at which time he was in the Holy Land. He assembled a council at Lyons, to pro- mote a union between the Eastern and Western Churches, and other objects. Died in 1276. Gregory XI., Peter Roger, a native of Limousin, in France, was a nephew of Clement VI., and son of the Count of Beaufort. He was elevated to the pontif- icate in 1370, after the death of Urban v., was a patron of learning, and en- deavored to reconcile the princes of Christendom and to reform the religious societies. He transferred the papal see from Avignon to Rome, where he died in 1378, Gregory XII., Angelo Cornaro, a na- tive of Venice, was raised to the ponti- ficate in 1406, during the schism in the East, Benedict XIII. being the other Pope. Both were deposed by a council held at Pisa, and Alexander V. elected in their stead. Gregory submitted, and laid aside the pontifical dignity. Died in 1417. Gregory XIII., Buoncompagni, a na- tive of Bologna, and succeeded Pope Pius V. in 1572. He was deeply versed in the canon and civil law, and had distin- guished himself at the Council of Tx'ent. He ornamented Rome with many fine buildings and fountains; but his pontif- icate is chiefly memorable for the refor- mation of the calendar which took place under his auspices and bore his name (see Gregorian Calendar). Died in 1585. Gregory XIV., Nicholas Sfondrato, succeeded Urban VII., in 1550. He was the son of a senator of Milan, and in- volved himself in an unsuccessful war against Henry IV. of France. Died in 1591. Gregory XV., Alessandro Ludovico, was a native of Bologna, and descended from an ancient family. He succeeded Paul V. in 1621, and was the founder of the College of the Propaganda. It was this Pope who, in 1622, canonized Igna- tius Loyola, Francis Xavier, and Philip de Neri. He was author of several works, one of which is entitled "Letter to the King of the Persians," etc. (1627). He died in 1623. Gregory XVI., Mauro Cappellajri, born in Belluno in 1765, and succeeded Pius VIII., 1831. His pontificate was a period of no ordinary interest and diffi- culty in the history of the Church, and in the relations of the Vatican with the temporal powers of Christendom. Simple in his habits, though narrow in his ideas and timid in his manners, he neverthe- less displayed great energy in conducting the affairs of the Church. He died in 1846 and was succeeded by Pius IX. GREGORY, AUGUSTA (LADY). Irish authoress, nee Persse. In 1880 sho married Sir W. H. Gregory, whose auto- biography she edited in 1894. She be- came interested in the Irish literary movement and finally published "Cuchu- lain of Muirthemne" and "Gods and Fight- ing Men," translations and paraphrases of old Irish epics which created much stir, by their idiom modeled on old Gaelic and the powerful breath of romance contained in them. She helped to establish in 1899 the Irish Literary Theater, now the Abbey Theater. Her chief books, includ- ing plays are: "The Kiltartan History Book"; "Poets and Dreamers"; "Visions and Beliefs"; "The White Cockade"; "The Full Moon"; "Seven Short Plays"; "Irish Folk History Plays"; "New Comedies." GREGORY, ST., surnamed H'umina- tor, the founder of the Armenian Church; born in Valarshabad, Armenia, about 257. He was of the royal Parthian race of the Arsacidae, and son of Anak,