Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/449

LEFT GRAY 383 GRAY OWL tury; 25 miles N. W. of Besangon. It has remains of an ancient castle ot the dukes of Bur^ndy, some trade in corn, flour, and iron, and iron industries and boatbuilding. GRAY, ASA, an American botanist; born in Paris, Oneida co., N. Y., Nov. 18, 1810. He took his degree of M. D. 1 in 1831, but soon relinquished the prac- tice of medicine, and devoted himself to botany. In 1834 he received the appoint- ment of botanist of the United States ex- ploring expedition to the S. seas; but, as a long delay took place before it was ready to sail, he resigned his post in 1837. He was aftei*ward elected Pro- fessor of Botany in the University of Michigan, but declined the appointment, and in 1842 became Fisher Professor of Natural History at Harvard. In 1873 he retired from the chair, but still re- tainel charge of the great herbarium he had presented to the university in 1864; and in 1874 he succeeded Agassiz as a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. He ranked among the leading botanists of his age, and became an influential sup- porter of the Darwinian theories of evo- lution. He wrote: "Flora of North America" (begun with Dr. Torrey, in 1838) ; "Flora of North Eastern Amer- ica, Illustrated" (1848-1850) ; memoirs on the botanical results of several gov- ernment exploring expeditions; a num- ber of text-books; "A Free Examination of Darwin's Treatise" (1861); "Dar- winia" (1876) ; and "Natural Science and Religion" (1880). He died in Cam- bridge, Mass., Jan. 30, 1888. GRAY, ELISHA, an American in- ventor; boi'n in Barnesville, O., Aug. 2, 1835; was educated at Oberlin College. He designed a self-adjusting telegraph relay in 1867 and a little later invented the telegraphic switch and annunciator for hotels, the telegraphic repeater, the private telegraph line printer, etc. In 1876 he claimed the invention of the tele- phone, but after a notable contest the courts decided in favor of Alexander Graham Bell. In 1893 Professor Gray brouffht out his telautograph, by which written messages could be transmitted over the telephone and the telegraph. He was the founder of the Gray Electric Company in Highland Park, III., and in 1893 organized and was chairman of the Congress of Electricians at the World's Columbian Exposition. His pub- lications include "Experimental Re- searches in Electro Harmonic Telegi'aphy and Telephony" (1878) and "Elementary Talks on Science." He died in Nei;on- ville, Mass., Jan. 21, 1901. See Bell, Alexander Graham. GRAY, HORACE, an American jurist; bom in Boston, Mass., in 1829; was graduated at Harvard in 1845, and its law school in 1849; admitted to the bar in 1851; appointed reporter of the Mas- sachusetts Supreme Court in 1854, and served tiU 1862; associate-justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, 1864- 1873, and chief-justice, 1873-1881, when he was appointed successor to Judge Clif- ford in the United States Supreme Court. He died in 1902. GRAY, THOMAS, an English poet; born in London, England, Dec. 26, 1716. He was educated at Eton, and Peter House, Cambridge, and entered at the Inner Temple, with a view of studying for the bar. Becoming intimate, how- ever, with Horace Walpole, he accom- panied him in his tour of Europe; but they parted at Reggio, and Gray re- turned to England in 1741. In 1747 his "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton Col- lege" appeared; and it was only in con- sequence of the printing of a surrepti- tious copy, that, in 1751, he published his "Elegy Written in a Country Church- yard." He declined the office of laureate on Gibber's death, in 1757; and the same year published his odes "On the Progress of Poesy" and "The Bard." In 1768 the Duke of Grafton presented him with the Professorship of Modern History at Cam- bridge. He was a man of extensive ac- quirements in natural history, the study of ancient architecture, etc.; his corre- spondence places him among the best English epistolary writers. He died in Eton, England, July 30, 1771. GRAY FIBERS, in anatomy, pale gray fibers found with or without white ones in the sympathetic or other nerves; they were first discovered by Remak, and are often called after his name. GRAY FRIARS. See FRANCISCAN. GRAYIilNG. a genus of fresh-water fishes of the salmon family, distinguished from trout, etc., by the smaller mouth and teeth, and by the long, many-rayed dorsal fin. The genus is represented by five species, inhabiting clear streams in north Europe. Asia, and North Amer- ica. The British graylinsr has a wide but local distribution. The back and sides are silvery gray, with longitudinal dusky streaks; the dorsal fin is crossed by rows of spots. Another well-known species is Th. sigyiife); a beautiful fish from the affluents of the Mackenzie river, called "Hewlukpowak." or "fish with the win-like fin," by the Eskimos, and "pois- son bleu" by the Canadian voyageurs. GRAY OWL. the tawny-owl of north- ern Europe and of North America.