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LEFT GRAHAME 373 GRAIN ELEVATOR Egypt, Bulgaria, Rumania and Nor- way. Served in World War and con- tributed articles to "London Times." His works include: "A Vagabond in the Caucasus"; "Undiscovered Russia"; "A Tramp's Sketches"; "Changing Russia"; "Through Russian Central Asia"; "Priest of the Ideal"; "Private in the Guards." GRAHAME, KENNETH, an English author, born in Edinburgh, in 1859. He was educated in England. He began his literary career as a contributor to news- papers and won wide notice through his "Pagan Papers," published in 1893. His best known works, however, are those dealing with childhood, including "The Golden Age" and "Dream Days," the first published in 1895 and the second in 1898. In 1908 he published "The Wind in the Willows." He was Secretary of the Bank of England. GRAHAME-WHITE, CLAUDE, an English aviator and designer of aero- planes, born in 1879. He was educated at the Bedford Grammar School and at Crondall House College. After some ex- perience in the manufacture of motors, he organized an aviation school at Pau, France. In 1910 he made several not- able flights with a Farman biplane, and in the same year he made a tour of America. He won the Gordon Bennett Trophy. On his return to England he formed the Grahame- White Aviation Company. He wrote "The Story of the Aeroplane"; "Air Power"; "The Air- plane in War," "Aviation" and several boys' books dealing with aviation. He was also a frequent contributor to maga- zines on the same subject. GRAHAM ISLAND, or FERDINAN- DEA, a volcanic island which in July, 1831, rose up in the Mediterranean, about 30 miles S. W. of Sciacca, in Sicily. It attained a height of 200 feet, with a circuit of 3 miles, but disappeared in August. It reappeared for a short time in 1863. GRAHAM'S LAND, an island^ of the Antarctic Ocean, discovered by Biscoe in 1832 between 65° and 67° S. lat. In front, toward the N., are a number of islets, called Biscoe's Chain. GRAHAMSTOWN, the capital of the former E. province of Cape Colony, now a part of the Union of South Africa, near the center of the maritime division of Albany, 1,728 feet above sea-level, 106 miles N. E. of Port Elizabeth. It is the seat of two Bishops — Anglican and Ro- man Catholic; and in its Anglican cathe- dral is a monument to Colonel Graham, after whom the city is named. Leather is manufactured, and among the institu- tions of the place are its museum, St. Andrew's College, a public library, etc. Pop. (1918) 7,087. GRAIL, a term properly applied to the legendary dish used at the Last Sup- per, said to have been stolen by a serv- ant of Pilate, used by him to wash his hands in before the multitude, afterward given to Joseph of Arimathea as a mem- orial of Christ, and finally used by Joseph to collect the blood which flowed from our Lord while hanging on the cross. _ GRAIN ELEVATOR. A structure de- signed for the manipulation and storage of grain awaiting transportation. It is usually a high rectangular or cylindrical edifice, built of steel, enforced concrete, or some other suitable material. The bins containing the grain may form with the elevators and machinery a single large building or the machinery and the bins may be in separate establishments. GRAIN ELEVATOR There is in the larger establishments a working house connected with the bins or actually containing them. Other forms of elevators are those situated on railroad tracks, where a hopper receives the grain from the farmers' wagons whence it is scooped by belted buckets and conveyed to the bins. In the ordinary elevator the machinery and working rooms sur- mount the main building, where the storage bins are grouped. Over this main building usually lies the distribu- ting floor, and over this again the floor containing the weighing hoppers and ma- chinery for cleaning, and surmounting this again are the garners, leg-driving machinery and turnhead spouts. The grain is carried upward by belted buckets to the turnhead spouts and so conveyed to the garners. From the garners it passes to the main building, being cleared or otherwise treated, in the course of passage. The elevator legs are usually separated by the length of a railroad car so that the operation of transferring from the car to the elevator or from the elevator to the car may be carried oa