Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/418

LEFT GOLDFISH 354 GOLDONI body dull white. The eggs are four or five, spotted with purple and brown. GOLDFISH, the trivial name of a beautiful species of carp, found in the fresh waters of China. It is greenish in color in the natural state, the golden yellow color being found only in domes- ticated specimens, and retained by ar- tificial selection. These fishes are reared by the Chinese and kept for ornament. They are now distributed over nearly all the civilized parts of the world. GOLD FURNACE, a furnace for melt- ing or reducing gold. It resembles a brass furnace, but is usually built above the floor, occupying one side or more of the shop, and appearing like a dwarf wall. The aperture for the fuel and crucible in each furnace is 9 to 16 inches square, and 11 to 20 inches deep. The crucibles are usually of black lead. GOLD HILL, a former village of Nevada, 7,000 feet above the sea, and about a mile S. of Virginia City, to which it has been annexed. It has rich silver mines, and several quartz mills. Here, on Mount Davidson, is the famous Com- stock lode. GOLDLEAF, fine gold beaten into thin leaves. A small percentage of silver and copper is added to the gold for beating, about 1^/^ per cent, of alloy. The ingot is rolled into a ribbon by repeated passage between rollers, and this ribbon has a thickness of 1-800 of an inch, a sur- face of 500 square inches to an ounce of gold. It is then cut into pieces of about 1 inch square, placed between pieces of goldbeater's skin 4 inches square, and beaten with a ponderous hammer on a smooth marble slab till the gold has thinned and expanded to the size of the vellum. Each piece of gold is then again divided into 4, placed between pieces of goldbeater's skin as before, and again beaten till it expands to the size of the skin. A third and a fourth beat- ing follow. An ounce of gold in the form of a cube, 5Vi lines in length, breadth, and thickness, can be so ex- tended Ijy the goldbeaters as to cover a surface of more than 1,466 1/^ square feet. Wood, plaster, papier-mache, and many other substances may be gilded by covering them with goldleaf stuck on with a kind of sizing or glue. The gold leaf is not put on the wood, plaster, etc., itself, but on a mixture of whiting and glue called size. In gilding picture frames, for example, the wood is painted with four or five coats of size put on hot. This is carefully smoothed, when dry, with pumice stone and fine sandpaper, and another siz", made of clay, red chalk, black lead, suet, etc., is then put on. This, which is callprl gold size, is the groundwork for the gold leaf. In gild- ing on metals or surfaces to be much in the open air an oil size is used. GOLDMAN, EMMA, an American anarchist; born in Russia about 1868; emigrated to the United States and joined various anarchist societies; was arrested several times, and imprisoned for a year in New York City because of her destructive teachings. According to CzoLGOSZ (q. V.) her speeches incited him to assassinate President McKinley. In 1917 she was arrested for conspiracy and sentenced to two years' imprisonment and to pay a fine of $10,000. She appealed to U. S. Supreme Court, which confirmed the sentence in January, 1918. In February of that year she began her term in the prison at Jefferson City, Mo. Under the Alien law a second conviction for con- spiracy carries with it the sentence of deportation and she was shipped to Rus- sia with other Anarchists in 1920. GOLDMARK, KARL, an Austro-Hun- garian composer; born of Jewish parents in Keszthely, Hungary, May 18, 1832. He resided in Vienna. He became known in the United States by his operas, "The Queen of Sheba" and "Merlin," which was performed for the first time on any stage at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, in 1887, and by the very ef- fective overtures, "Sakuntala" and "Pen- thesilea," The "Country Wedding" sym- phony is a great favorite. He died in 1915. GOLD OF PLEASURE (Camelina), a small genus of Cruciferse. The common gold of pleasure (C sativa) is an annua] plant of humble appearance, but with abundant yellow flowers. It is most com- monly known as a weed in lint fields, though it is also cultivated alone or mixed with rapeseed in parts of Ger- many, Belgium, and the S. of Eui'ope for the sake of the abundant oil contained in its seeds. Its seeds and oil cake are, however, inferior to those of lint, and its oil is apt to become rancid and is less valued than that of rape or colza. The crop is cut or pulled when the pouches begin to turn yellow. The stems are tough, fibrous, and durable, and are used for thatching and for making brooms; their fiber is sometimes made into very coarse cloth and packing-paper. The seeds are used for emollient poultices. C. dentata is of similar habit and prop- erties, but is not cultivated. GOLDONI, CARLO (gol-d5'ne), a cele- brated Italian writer of comedies; born in Venice, Italy, Feb. 25, 1707. He early showed a taste for theatrical representa- tions. A relative procured for him a place in the Papal College at the Uni-