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LEFT GLOUCESTER CITY 335 GLOVE National banks. Pop. (1910) 24,394; (1920) 22,947. GLOUCESTER CITY, a city in Cam- den CO., N. J.; on the Delaware river and on the Atlantic City and Pennsylvania railroad; 3 miles S. of Camden. It has steam ferry connections with Philadel- phia, and has electric lights and street railroads, waterworks, cotton mills, iron, terra cotta, and print works, the Wels- bach gas mantle factory, and valuable fishing interests. There are weekly news- papers, and savings banks. Pop. (1910) 9,462; (1920) 12,162. GLOUCESTERSHIRE, a county of England, in the southwest part. It has an area of 1,259 square miles. Its chief industries are dairying and the raising of cattle. It has also extensive manufac- turing interests and some coal mining. It contains the parliamentary boroughs of Cheltenham and Gloucester, and a part of the borough of Bristol. The capital is Gloucester. Pop. of the county, about 740,000. GLOUCESTER, DUKES AND EARLS OF. (1) Robert, Earl of Gloucester (died 1147), a natural son of Henry I., the principal supporter of his sister Ma- tilda and her son Henry in their contest against Stephen for the English throne. (2) Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester (1243-1295), one of the most influential nobles during the reigns of Henry III. and Edward I. At first he sided with Simon de Montfort, and helped him to gain the battle of Lewes (1264) ; but aft- erward, quarrelling with Simon, he made common cause with Prince Edward and won for him the battle of Evesham (1265). (3) Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester (1355-1397), the youngest son of Edward III., was from 1386 to 1389 the virtual ruler of the country. He was put to death by Rich- ard II. at Calais in 1397, on the plea that he was plotting against the king. (4) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1391- 1447), fourth son of Henry IV., acted as protector of the realm during the minority of Henry VI. He was arrested for high treason on Feb. 18, 1447, and five days later found dead in bed. He Kras a patron of learning, but reckless and foolish in his public conduct. (5) Richard, Duke of Gloucester, became King Richard III. (g. v.). (6) Henry Duke of Gloucester (1639-1660), third son of Charles I. (7) William, Duke of Gloucester (1689-1700), eldest son of Queen Anne. (8) William Henry (1743- 1805), George III.'s brother, created Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh in 1764. (9) His son, William Frederick (1776-1834). GLOVE, an article of dress; a cover- ing for the hand. Its use reaches back to a remote antiquity, for we are told in the Odyssey that Laertes, the farmer-king, wore gloves to protect his hands from the thorns. Xenophon also sneers at the Per- sians for wearing gloves for keeping tlieir hands warm. In their moi'e robust days the Greeks and Romans scorned the use of gloves; but in later times they were used in Rome. The glove appears to have become a well-known article of dress in England about the 14th century, and corporations of glovers were in exist- ence in the 15th century. Modern gloves are of two distinct classes, woven and knitted gloves, and those made of leather; and the making of these constitute entirely separate branches of manufacture. The manu- facture of knitted or woven gloves is an industry allied to the hosiery trade, and the materials comprise all the ordinary fibers, the most important being silk and wool. In some cases these gloves are en- tirely made and finished by knitting; but in others the pieces are separately fashioned and sewed together as in mak- ing leather gloves. The manufacture is widespread, but the headquarters of the thread and cloth glove trade are now Berlin and Saxony. The materials used for making leather gloves is principally the skins of deer, sheep and lambs, goats and kids, the latter being the most impor- tant, though far more "kid" gloves are made of sheep than of kid leather. The skins for military and other heavy gloves — doe or buck leather — are pre- pared by the ordinary process of tanning. Kid gloves are of two principal kinds, glace and su^de, according to the manner of dressing and finishing the leather used. Glace gloves are those which are dressed, dyed, and polished on the hair or outer side of the skin, while suede gloves are carefully pared, smoothed, and dyed on the inner side of the skin for their purpose, and thus have the appearance of fine chamois. Paris and Grenoble are the chief seats of the French kid glove trade. Military gloves are made at Niort and Vendome. Brussels and Copenhagen are also important glove-making centers. In England, Worcester is the principal^ seat of the glove industry; and in a specialty, the so-called English dogskin gloves made from the skins of Cape sheep, the Eng- lish manufacturers are without rivals. In feudal times the challenge to single combat was given by the casting down of the glove; and an ancient and more pleasing ceremonial still observed con- sists in the presentation of white gloves to a judge presiding over an assize at which no cases come up for trial.