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LEFT ENGHIiiN 13 takers' supplies, etc. It is the center of an important tobacco-growing industry. Within the town limits is a settlement of Shakers. There is a public library. Pop. (1910) 9,719; (1920) 11,719. ENGHIEN (on-gyon'), LOUIS AN- TOINE HENRI DE BOURBON, DUKE OF; born in Chantilly, Aug. 2, 1772; son of Louis Henry Joseph Conde, Duke of Bourbon. On the outbreak of the Revolution he quitted France, traveled through various parts of Europe, and went in 1792 to Flanders to join his grandfather, the Prince of Conde, in the campaign against France. From 1796 to 1799 he commanded the vanguard of Conde's army, which was disbanded at the Peace of Luneville (1801). He then took up residence as a private citizen at Ettenheim, in Baden, where he married the Princess Charlotte de Rohan Roche- fort. He was genera^y looked on as the leader of the French Emigres. An armed force was sent to seize him in Baden in violation of all territorial rights, and he was brought to Vincennes, March 20, 1804. A mock trial was held the same night; and on the follovsring morning he was shot in the ditch outside the walls. ENGINEERING, the branch of science dealing with the design, construction and operation of various machines, struc- tures, and engines used in the arts, trades, and everyday life. Engineering is divided into many branches, the most important being civil, mechanical, elec- trical, mining, military, marine, and san- itary engineering. Civil Engineering is the most exten- sive and embraces the arts of architec- ture, surveying, bridge, railroad, harbor, and canal construction, and the building trades. Mechanical Engineering comprises the design, construction, and operation of machinery, the design of manufacturing plants, and all branches of industrial production. Electrical Engineering is a branch of mechanical engineering and includes the application of electricity to mechanical and industrial pursuits, as derived from some other source of energy. Mining Engineering is a combination of the three preceding branches as ap- plied to the discovery and operation of mines, the building of mineral working plants, and treatment of ores. Military Engineering deals entirely with the arts of war, the design, con- struction and maintenance of fortifica- tions, machines of defense and attack, ordnance, and the surveying of country in preparation for military operations. Marine Engineermg is partly military Vol. IV— Cyc — B ENGLAND and partly civil, embracing naval archi- tecture, building and operating of ships and naval accessories. In the military sense, it comprises the construction of war vessels and the construction and plac- ing of torpedoes, submarine mines, etc, Sanitary Engineering consists of the construction of sewers and drains, pro- viding for the cleaning of city streets and the disposal of garbage and sewage, reclaiming of swamps, and overcoming of all sources tending to interfere with public health. The education and training of the en- gineer in modern times have called for the establishment of technical schools and courses in engineering in the large colleges and universities. These schools provide the student with the theories of mathematics, mechanics, and engineer- ing, and by means of extensive labora- tory and outside work provide him with practice in the desigii, construction, and use of modern engineering appliances. Among the most noted technical schools are the University of Glasgow, Ecole Polytechnique, in Paris; Stevens Insti- tute of Technology, in Hoboken, N. J.; the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy, in Boston; and Cornell and Colum- bia Universities. ENGINEERS, ROYAL, a corps in the British army intrusted with the con- struction of all military works, plans, surveys, etc. In 1772 the first company of "sappers and miners" was organized at Gibraltar. In 1783 the engineers were raised to be a royal corps, and in 1812 several companies of artificers were con- verted into "sappers and miners." This name was abolished and that of royal engineers substituted in 1857. The corps usually numbers from 5,000 to 6,000 offi- cers and men. The privates, who are generally skilled artisans, receive a much higher rate of pay than ordinary infan- try soldiers. ENGLAND, including WALES, the S. and larger portion of the island of Great Britain, is situated between 50" and 55° 46' N. lat., and 1° 46' E. and 5° 42' W. Ion. On the N. it is bounded by Scotland; on all other sides it is washed by the sea; on the E. by the North Sea or German Ocean; on the S. by the English Channel; and on the W. by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. Its figure is, roughly speaking, tri- angular, but with many windings and indentations, the coast-line measuring not less than 2,765 miles. The length of the country, measured on a meridian from Berwick nearly to St. Alban's Head, is 365 miles. Its breadth, measured on a parallel of latitude, attains its maxi-