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LEFT GARDEN 259 GARDINER shade and extensive prospects. The grove of Orontes, described by Strabo, must be regarded as a park or large gai'den in the picturesque style; it was 9 miles in circumference. In ancient Greece, gardening was rather a neglected art at first, but in process of time great advance was made. The vale of Tempe, the Academus at Athens, and other pub- lic gardens, were extremely elegant, and were ornamented with temples, altars, tombs, statues, monuments, and towers. The Greeks copied their gardening from the Persians; and the Romans, in their turn, followed the pattern and style of the Greeks. See Horticulture; Graft- ing; Hotbed. GARDEN, MARY, an American so- prano. Born in 1877 at Aberdeen, Scot- MARY GARDEN land, her parents moved to America when she was very young. In Chicago she learned to play both the violin and piano and when sixteen placed herself under the instruction of Mrs, Duff of Bangor, Me. After training her voice for two years she continued her vocal studies in Paris under eminent teachers. Making her debut in Paris in 1900 she was a striking success from the first. In 1908 she became a member of the Manhattan Opera Company of New York and re- mained with them two years. From 1910 to 1920 she was connected with the Chicago Opera Company. Her favorite operas were those of the modern French school and she excelled in her dramatic work particularly in such an opera as "Thais." In 1921 she was appointed general director of the Chicago Opera Co. GARDEN CITY, a village on Long Island, N. Y.; on the Long Island rail- road; 18 miles E. of New York City. It was founded by Alexander T. Stewart as a residential town. It is the seat of the Protestant Episcopal bishop of Long Is- land, and contains the Cathedral of the Incarnation, which was consecrated in May, 1885, having been erected by his widow as a memorial to Mr. Stewart. Here are also the Cathedral Schools of St. Mary and St. Paul. GARDENIA, a genus of trees and shrubs, natural order Rubiales, natives of tropical Asia and Africa, bearing beautiful white or yellowish flowers of great fragrance. The genus was named after Dr. Garden, of Charleston, S. C. GARDEN SPIDER, also called dia- dem, or cross spider, the Epeira dia- dema, a common British spider the dor- sal surface of which is marked with a triple yellow cross. It forms a beautiful geometric web. GARDINER, a city in Kennebec co., Me.; on the Kennebec river, and on the Maine Central railroad; 6 miles S. W. of Augusta. It has admirable waterpower, derived from the Cobossee river, and has valuable manufacturing interests, in- cluding sawmills, paper mills, potteries, furniture, carriage, woolen, boot and shoe, sash, blind, and door factories. There are electric lights and street railroads, waterworks, public library, 3 National banks, and an assessed property valuation of $4,000,000. The ice cutting industry employs 1,000 people; annual output valued at $75,000. Pop. (1910) 5,311; (1920) 5,475. GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON, an English historian; bom in Ropley, Hampshire, England, March 4, 1829. He was educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford, taking a first- class in 1851. For some years he filled the chair of modern history at King's College, London, but resigned it in 1885 to continue his history at Oxford on an All Souls' elective fellowship. He wrote: "The History of England from the Acces- sion of James I. to the Disgrace of Chief Justice Coke" (1863) ; "Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage" (1869); "The Thirty Years' War" (1874); "The First Two Stuarts and the Puritan Rev- olution" (1875) in "Epochs of Modern History"; "England under the Duke of Buckingham and Charles I." (1875); "The Personal Government of Charles I." (1877) ; "Introduction to the Study of English History" (1881), written in conjunction with Mr. J. Bass Mullinger; "The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I." (vols. i. and ii. 1882). He edited the 'Fortescue Papers," the "Hamilton