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LEFT FBANCH 193 FRANCE many was obliged to give way and to recognize rights of France in Morocco. In return of this recognition France ceded to Germany 112,000 square miles of the French Congo. In 1912 France secured a practical protectorate over Morocco. The economic history of France is marked during this period by the rapid growth of industrial unionism and the development of the theory of direct action (See Syndicalism). General strikes occurred in 1909 and in 1910, but these were suppressed by the prompt action of Premier Briand who shattered the railroad strike by threatening mili- tary punishment. Raymond Foincare was elected Presi- dent in 1913. Threatening conditions in Europe, especially in Germany, led to demands for an increase in the size of the army, and this was accomplished. During the closing months of 1913, dis- turbances in Alsace-Lorraine, particu- larly in Zabern, increased the growing hostility between France and Germany. Germany's policy of aggressiveness and militarism foreshadowed the outbreak of the World War. For an account of France's part in this great struggle, see World War. The progress of the war was marked by many important political events. The first of these was the assassination of M. Jaures, the leader of the Unified Socialists, in 1914. The French Cabinet was reorganized on Aug. 26, 1914, with M. Viviani as Prime Minister. On Sept. 3, as a result of the possible danger of the German occupation of Paris, the French Government was re- moved to Bordeaux, where it remained until December of that year. Delcasse resigned as Foreign Minister on Oct. 30. 1914. On Dec. 2, 1915, General Joffre was placed in supreme command of all the French armies. Changes in the Cabinet were made during 1916 as a result of criticism in respect to the con- duct of the war. There were, indeed, throughout the struggle, continuous changes in the ministry, which continued until the formation, in 1917, of a new ministry under Clemenceau. This con- tinued throughout the duration of the war. A number of prominent persons were involved in charges of disloyalty and treason. These included Malvy, Minister of the Interior; Caillaux, a former Prime Minister; and Senator Humbert. There were also treason charges against the editors of the Bon- net Rouge, Bolo Pasha, and others. All these men were charged with being con- cerned either directly or indirectly in treasonable dealings with the enemy. They were all eventually tried and found guilty, with the exception of Senator Humbert, who was acquitted. France was represented at the Peace Conference chiefly by M. Clemenceau, who was one of the chief figures in the deliberations of that body on June 27, 1919. The Senate passed the Electoral Reform Bill which had already been passed by the Chamber. The Peace Treaty was ratified by the Chamber of Deputies on Oct. 9, 1919, and the military agreements between France, Great Britain, and the United States were also ratified on Oct. 13. On Oct. 19 the French War Parlia- ment, which had been in session since the summer of 1919, came to an end. M. Clemenceau resigned as premier on Jan. 18, 1920. President Poincard com- pleted his term of office on Feb. 17, 1920, and was succeeded bj" Paul Deschanel. During May there were riots in Paris and a strike was begun for the nationalization of the railroads. These strikes were prevented by a threat of Premier Millerand to dissolve the General Federation of Labor. Deschanel resigned the presidency on Dec. 10 on ac- count of ill health, and was succeeded by Alexandre Millerand. Georges Leygues became Prime Minister. The chief efforts in France during 1920 and 1921 were for the reconstruction of the country from the devastations of the war. The financial and economic con- ditions are described in another portion of this article. France depended largely for rehabilitation upon the indemnities or reparations to be received from Ger- rnany. The Supreme Council finally de- cided that the total reparations should be about .S.56,000,000,000, to be paid in a definite period of years. At a session of the Supreme Council held in London in March, 1921, Germany refused to accept this sum and as a consequence French troops were despatched to occupy the Ger- man cities of Diisseldorf, Duisburg, and Ruhrort on March 7, 1921. See Peace "HiEATY; Alsace-Lorraine; World War; Verdun, Marne, Picardy, Aisne, Bat- tles of; League of Nations; Treaty OF Versailles. The following are the Presidents of the Third Republic: Louis Adolph Thiers, 1871-1873. M. E. Patrice Maurice MacMahon, 1873-1879. Francois Paul Jules Grevy, 1879-1887. Marie Francois Sadi-Carnot, 1887- 1894. Jean Casimir-Perier. 1894-1895. Felix Faure. 1895-1898. Emile Loubet, 1898-1906. Armand Fallieres, 1906-1913. Ravmond Poincare, 1913-1920. Paul Deschanel. 1920. Alexandre Millerand, 1920-