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LEFT FBA GIOVANNI ANGELICO 187 FRANCE ERA GIOVANNI ANGELICO DA FIESOLE. See Angblico, Fra. FRAGONARD, JEAN HONORE, a French painter; born in Grasse in Octo- ber, 1732. He studied under Chardin and Boucher; and, entering the academy schools, gained the prix de Rome in 1752. In Italy — which, later, he revisited — he was influenced mainly by the works of Tiepolo, the last of the great Venetians; and he executed many illustrations for Saint-Non's "Journey to Naples and Sicily." Returning to France, he in 1765 received 2,400 francs from Louis XV. for his "Callirrho^," commissioned for reproduction in Gobelin tapestry; then he ceased to be academic, and began to be personal, to follow his true bent — helped to be most himself by the art of Venice and by the art of Rubens. He is well represented in the Louvre, most typically in its La Gaze collection by such works as "Bacchante Endormie" and "La Chemise Enlevee." He died in Paris, Aug. 22, 1806. FRAME, in engineering, the strong framework, outside the wheel, which sup- ports the boiler and machinery on the axes of a locomotive engine. FRAMINGHAM, a town in Middlesex CO., Mass.; on the Sudbury river, and on the New York, New Haven, and Hart- ford, and the Boston and Albany rail- roads; about 20 miles W. of Boston. It comprises the villages of Framingham, South Framingham, and Saxonville. Here are a high school, a State Normal School, Historical and Natural History Societies, the State Woman's Reforma- tory, several National and savings banks, daily and weekly newspapers, and street railroad and electric light plants. It has a large industry in woolen goods. Pop. (1910) 12,948; (1920) 17,033. FRAMPTON, SIR GEORGE JAMES, a British sculptor. He studied under W. S. Frith and entered the Royal Acad- emy schools in 1881. In 1887 he won Gold Medal and Travelling Studentship and since then has won many medals and other honors in several countries. Has executed many memorials and statues, including that of Queen Victoria for Cal- cutta, Southport, St. Helens, Newcastle- on-Tyne, Winnipeg, and Leeds. Among his other works are the terra-cotta deco- ration on the Constitutional Club, Lon- don; the sculpture on the Glasgow Art Galleries and Lloyd's Register, London; the entrance to Electra House, Moorgate Street, London; spandrels at the en- trance of the Victoria and Albert Mu- seum; figures on the spires of St. Mary's, Oxford; saints on the shrine of William of Wykeham, Winchester Cathedral; lions at the British Museum; statues of Queen Mary at Calcutta and Delhi; Edith Cavell Memorial, London. Has also designed many medals, including the British Coronation medal. FRANCE, a republic of S. W. Eu- rope; bounded on the N. and N. E. by the North Sea, Strait of Dover, English Channel, and Belgium; E. and S. E. by the Alps, separating it from Italy, Switzerland, German Empire, and the Mediterranean; S. by the Mediterranean and the Pyrenees, that separate it from Spain; and W. by the Atlantic Ocean. By the terms of the Peace Treaty with Germany signed on June 28, 1919, Alsace-Lorraine was transferred to France, to date from the armistice of November 11, 1918. The districts of Lower Alsace, Upper Alsace and Lor- raine became the Departments of Bas- Rhin, Alsace; Haut-Rhin; and Moselle. The total area added to France was 5,605 square miles, with a population in addition of 1,874,014, making the total area 212,659 square miles and the popu- lation 41,475,523. Topography. — Generally, France may be said to lie in a gently descending slope between the mountains and the sea. The principal mountains are the Alps, designated in their various parts as the Maritime Alps, between France and Italy; the Cottian Alps, bounding the province of Savoy; the Graian Alps, between France and Switzerland, and the Pennine Alps, reaching to St. Gott- hard. Branch ranges of the Alps in the interior make the whole country more or less mountainous. Of these spurs the Alps of Valais, Savoy, Dauphine, and Faucigny, and the Great Chartreuse group, are the most important. Next in importance to the Alps are the Pyre- nees, across nearly the entire Spanish boundary, and then N. nearly 300 miles. This range, called the Cevennes Moun- tains, is continued by the Cote d'Or. The Faucilles connect the Cote d'Or A'ith the Vosges range on the Swiss frontier. In the interior are the mountains of Lim- ousin, and the Aubrac system. Some of the highest peaks are famous, Mt. Blanc, 15,776 feet; Mt. Cenis, noted for the great tunnel that pierces it; St. Gotthard and Mt. Viso, 12,585 feet, of the Alps; and Pique d'Etats, 10,302 feet; Pic d'Carlitte, 10,203 feet; Nethou, 11,168 feet; and Mount Perdu, 10,995 feet, of the Pyrenees. The Seine, Loire, Garonne, Rhine, Meuse, Rhone, and Scheldt are the principal rivers of the country. Some of the chief affluents are the Maine and Allier. flowing into the Loire; the Dor- dogne, that joins the Garonne to form the Gironde; the Sambre, flowing mto