Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/129

LEFT FARLEY 99 PARM MANAGEMENT tuck Military School, the Seabury Divin- ity School, the State Schools for the Deaf, Blind, and Imbeciles, Bethlehem Academy for Girls, St. Mary's School for Girls, gas and electric lights and weekly and monthly periodicals. It has manufactories of pianos, carriages, fur- niture, boiler works, foundry products, rattan goods, and gasoline engines, and canning establishments, flour, planing and woolen mills. Pop. (1910) 9,001; (1920) 11,089. FARLEY, JOHN MURPHY, CARDI- NAL, an American prelate. He was born at Newton Hamilton, Armagh, Ire- land, in 1842, and received his prelim- inary education in his native place. Com- ing to the United States in early youth he became a student at St. John's Col- lege, Fordham, and at St. Joseph's Sem- CABDINAL FARLEY inary, Troy, and then was transferred to the American College at Rome. He was ordained priest in Rome in 1870 and took charge of a parish in Staten Island for two years. After acting as secretary to Cardinal McCloskey he was chosen rector of the American College at Rome, but was retained in New York and given the appointment of private chamberlain. In 1891 he became vicar-general of the arch- diocese of New York, and in 1895 pro- thonotary apostolic. He was then made assistant bishop, and in 1902 succeeded as archbishop of New York. In 1911 he journeyed to Rome to be made cardinal and on his return to New York was given a great popular ovation. During the later as during the early years of his archiepiscopate he showed great energy in furthering the erection of churches, schools, orphanages, hospitals, and other institutions in the popular archdiocese. He died at Mamaroneck, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1918. He was an eloquent preacher and was a contributor to several magazines. He was author of a "Life of Cardinal McCloskey." FARM, a tract or piece of land culti- vated by a single person, whether owner or tenant; also a district farmed out for the collection of revenue; or the right or permission to sell certain arti- cles subject to duties. Also a term formerly used in Cornish mining for the lord's fee, which is taken for liberty to work tin-bounds. FARM MANAGEMENT, the problem of economics in agricultural production, with the object of introducing therein the same business efficiency which has brought American manufacturing to its present high degree of perfection. While the basis of manufacturing industry has been radically changed by the use of ma- chinery and factory organization, thus becoming the subject of executive man- agement, agricultural production has not undergone any such basic changes. Farming is still a one-man enterprise and is still largely carried on in the same way in which it was carried on when the handicrafts system of manufacturing obtained. It has been only partially affected by machinery, and that in only certain phases, as in the production of the grain crops, which are now harvested by machinery. Farming, therefore, still remains very much a home industry. The rapid growth of the urban popu- lation, and its demands for farm-grown products, have made improved methods in agricultural production a national prob- lem. For this reason the Federal Depart- ment of Agriculture and the various State agricultural departments have made efficiency in agricultural production one of their chief aims. Minnesota, through its agricultural ex- periment station, in 1902, was the first State to raise the problem of farm management to the dignity of a special scientific study. Shortly after this sub- ject also received the serious considera- tion of the Federal Department of Agri- culture. Now it has been taken up by most of the other States, and every effort is made, through literature and practical demonstrations, to propagate among the farmers a knowledge of the results ob- tained from the experiments made by the demonstration farms established in all parts of the country.