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LEFT FACULTY 87 After the first Factory Acts were passed in England, in 1802, the local judges appointed visitors. In 1833. the need of experts being felt, four special inspectors were appointed, their number being increased to nine in 1842. These have since been increased to hundreds, directed from the Home Office. In the United States factory inspec- tion, naturally, is carried on by the separate States, each of which has passed its own set of labor laws. Prac- tically every State of the Union now carries on some form of factory inspec- tion. Usually this is directed by a spe- cial department of labor, but in Massa- chusetts this function is under the juris- diction of the police. In other States independent bureaus carry on factory inspection. Every year sees legislation passed to enlarge the jurisdiction of the factory inspection staflFs. In 1919 Con- necticut, New York, Missouri, and West Virginia enlarged their forces of inspec- tors. New Jersey, Washington, and North Dakota established special mine inspection bureaus. California empow- ered its industrial Welfare Commission to issue subpoenas and administer oaths, while Minnesota authorized its inspec- tors to enter the offices as well as the workrooms of the establishments they inspected. FACULTY, the power or ability of do- ing anything; capacity for any natural action or function; ease or dexterity in performance, possessed naturally or ac- quired by practice ; one of the powers of the mind or intellect, enabling it to re- ceive or retain perceptions; as, the faculty of imaging, remembering, etc. In ecclesiastical law, a privilege or license granted to any person by favor, and not as a right to do any act which by law he may not do. In mental philoso- phy, a natural and active power of the human mind, as distinguished from a passive one, the latter approximately called capacity or receptivity. In the Roman Catholic Church, permission granted by an ecclesiastical superior to a duly qualified subject to hear confes- sions. Such permission only extends to the district over which the superior has jurisdiction. Thus, faculties are granted by bishops to the priests of their dio- ceses, and by the heads of religious houses to such of their subjects as they judge qualified to hear the confessions of the community. In the United States, the term faculty indicates the body of persons who are intrusted with the government and in- struction of a university or college as a whole, comprising the president, profes sors. and tutors. It is also used for the FAIDHEBBE body of masters and professors of each of the several departments of instruction m a university; as, the law faculty, etc. F.aJCES, the excrementitious contents of the bowels, the refuse of the food and aliment, and sometimes called alvine dis- charges, or the dejecta; also, sediments; dregs; lees; settlings after distillation and infusion. PAENZA (fa-aint'sa), a city of Italy, 20 miles from Ravenna. It was once well known for its manufacture of col- ored and glazed earthenware called Faience {q. v.). Its chief industries are now the making of paper, silk twist, and fabrics. Faenza, the ancient Fa- ventia, was at one period a town of the Boii, but afterward a municipium under the Romans, and was annexed to the States of the Church in the 15th century by Pope Alexander VI., in which condi- tion it remained till 1860, when, with the Emelian provinces, it was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. Pop. (1901) 22,239. FAEROE ISLANDS. See FAROE IS- LANDS. FAHRENHEIT, GABRIEL DANIEL, a German natural philosopher; born in Danzig, Prussia, May 14, 1686. He was a maker of scientific instruments, and in 1720 introduced the use of mercury in- stead of spirits of wine in the construc- tion of the Thermometer {q. v.). JFAIJQHERBE (fa-darb), LOUIS LEON CESAR, a French military officer; bom in Lille, France, June 3, 1818. His apprenticeship as a soldier was passed in Algiers and Guadaloupe. He went to Senegal in 1852; became two years later governor of the colony, and extended the colony by the subjugation of the Mooi-ish Trarza in 1858, and of the country of Cayor in 1861. Faidherbe was sum- moned to France in December, 1870, and given command of the Army of the North. After successfully withstanding Manteuffel's attack near the Hallue river, Dec. 23, he was severely beaten near St. Quentin, Jan. 19, 1871. After the conclusion of peace, he was dis- patched by the French government to Upper Egypt to study the monuments and inscriptions. He became a member of the National Assembly in 1879. Faid- herbe published books on the language, geography, and archeology of northern Africa, chief among which are two col- lections of "Numidian Inscriptions" (1870-1872); "Anthropology of Algiers" (1874) ; "Phoenician Epigraphy" (1873) ; "The French Soudan" (1884) ; a work on Senegal (1889). His "Campaign of the Army of the North" appeared at Paris in 1871. He died in Paris, Sept. 29, 1889.