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LEFT COLLINSVILLE 62 COLLUSION His first novel was "Antonina" (1850) ; "Rambles Beyond Railways" follow. In 1852 he returned to fiction with "Basil," and "Mr. Wray's Cash Box," "Hide and Seek" followed in 1854. In "Household Words," "After Dark" and one of his most successful works, "The Dead Secret," were originally published. Several of his novels, including "The Woman in White" and "No Name," were published originally in "All the Year Round." "Armadale" and many of his subsequent stories were printed in Amer- ican magazines before appearing in book-form. "The Moonstone," "Man and Wife," "The New Magdalen," and "The Law and the Lady" are other works of his that had wide circulation. His prin- cipal books have been translated into French, Italian, German, Dutch, Danish, and Russian. He died in London, Sep- tember, 1889. COLLINSVILLE, a city in Illinois, in Madison co., on the Vandalia railroad. It is the center of an important coal- mining region and has lead smelters and zinc works. There are also manu- factures of flour and wool. The city has a hospital and a tuberculosis sani- tarium. Pop. (1910) 7,478; (1920) 9,753. COLLISION, in maritime affairs, the shock of two ships coming into violent contact, whereby one or both may suffer more or less injury. Collision may hap- pen without blame being imputable to either party as in a storm. Or a colli- sion may arise where both parties are to blame — where there has been a want of due diligence or skill on both sides; in which case neither party has an ac- tion against the other. Thirdly, it may happen by the misconduct of the suffer- ing party only, and then the rule is that the sufferer must bear his own burden. Lastly, it may have been the fault of the ship which ran the other down; and in that case the injured party would be entitled to an entire compensation from the other. By the rule of the road at sea, if two sailing ships are approaching each other end on, or nearly so, the helms of both must be put to port, so that each may pass on the port side of the other; in crossing so as to involve risk of colli- sion the sailing ship with the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the ship with the wind on the star- board, but if they have both the wind on the same side, the ship which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the one that has it to leeward. If a steamship and a sailing ship are ap- proaching, so as to involve collision the former must keep out of the way of the latter. If one vessel is overtaking an- other she must keep out of the way of the last-named vessel. COLLODION, or COLLODIUM, a sub- stance prepared by dissolving one part of gun-cotton in a mixture of 36 fluid parts of ether and 12 fluid parts of rectified spirit. The gun-cotton or pyrox- ylin used for making collodion is pre- pared by immersing one part of raw cot- ton fiber in a mixture of five fluid parts of sulphuric acid, and five fluid parts of nitric acid, for three minutes, then carefully washing it with water, and drying it in a water bath; it must be kept in a well-corked bottle. Collodion is used in photography; also in surgery, to form a protecting surface to the skin. COLLODION-PBOCESS, a process in photography invented by Archer, in 1851. An iodized collodion is made by impregnating a solution of gun-cotton in ether, with a small quantity of iodide of potassium or cadmium. A film of the iodized collodion is spread on the glass, which is then immersed in a solution of nitrate of silver. The image is taken in the camera, developed by a weak solu- tion of pyrogallic acid and acetic acid, or a solution of protosulphate of iron. Excess of iodide of silver is removed by hyposulphite of soda or cyanide of potas- sium. This gives a negative. A posi- tive is obtained by laying the negative on prepared paper and exposing them to light. COLLOIDS. The first extensive in- vestigation of colloids was made by Thomas Graham in the years 1860-1864. He found that certain substances formed what were, apparently, solutions, in that they would pass, unchanged, through filter-paper, but that they dif- fered from solutions of crystalloids, such as sugar or salt, in that they would not dialyze. See Dialysis. These sub- stances he called colloids. Well-known examples are starch, glue, dextrin, albu- men, caramel, and tannins. All living matter is, for the most part, built up of colloids. Recent investigations have tended to show that it is possible to bring any substance into a colloidal con- dition, and colloidal solutions of metals and their compounds have been pre- pared. The word "colloid" is now used, therefore, to describe a state of matter rather than a particular class of substances. COLLUSION, in law, a secret agree- ment between opposing litigants to ob- tain a particular judicial decision on a preconcerted statement of facts, Whether