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LEFT EGYPT 482 EIFFEL TOWEB tacks en the canal, military operations continued and several important battles were fought. The chief of these was at Romani. The Turkish force was de- feated by the English and Australian troops. Operations were carried on throughout this year under great diffi- culties, and the Sinai desert was finally cleared of Turkish troops. During the progress of the war, the Egyptian Na- tionalists continued to cause trouble and demanded permission to submit their claims to the British Government. In 1919 the Nationalists placed obstacles in the way of the formation of a new government. British officials were forced to deport the vice-president of the Assembly and three other leaders to Malta. This was followed by riots in several cities. In March, 1919, General Allenby, who had been appointed Special High Commissioner arrived in Cairo and at once released several revolutionists from prison and temporarily restored order. There were further outbreaks, but conditions had gradually readjusted themselves by the end of 1919. In spring of 1920 a mission headed by Lord Milner was sent to Egypt for the pur- pose of inquiring into conditions and recommending reforms. The Egyptian Nationalists had sent a delegation to the Peace Conference in Paris, but it was not given a hearing. The Milner mission concluded its work in April, 1920. It recommended several changes in the formation of government, includ- ing the retention of the Sultan as titular head, and the return of a bi-cameral legislature. It recommended that the Upper House should consist of members partly elected directly and partly nomi- nated, and the Lower House should be entirely^ elected. A sweeping thorough remodeling of the Egyptian Government and a sweeping reduction of British officials was advised. The Nationalists continued disturbances and several of their leaders were arrested in July for an attempt to assassinate the Premier. Law and Justice. — There are 90 sum- mary tribunals, 8 central courts and a Court of Appeals at Cairo. "Cantonal" Courts composed of villaye notables — 2,360. By an act of 1905, serious offen- ses, and by Act of 1910, press offenses, are tried at Central Courts. Finances. — Revenue 1919-1920 (esti- mated) £28,850,000. Expenses: £28,- 850,000. In April, 1919, the sectional debt was £93,388,640, There is a Na- tional bank at Cairo, an Agricultural bank, 8 Mortgage banks and 5 ordinary banks, one P. O. Savings bank and 12 rural. Education. — Of indigenous schools, known as "Maktabs" there were in 1918 3,534. Teachers, 6,582, attendance, 209,- 186. In 1919 under Government direc- tion and of departments there were 275 schools. There are schools of law, mili- tary, agriculture, veterinary, police, and for cadis; a reformatory for boys and one for girls. The Azhar University at Cairo for higher education is the great- est Moslem institution of its kind m the world. Agriculture. — In 1917 areas cultivable 7,932,077 feddans ( = 1.038 acre) cotton is the chief crop. 2,633,539 acres that could be reclaimed. In 1918, the wheat crop was 874,720 tons; barley 214,916 tons; and maize, millet and rice were also produced on a large scale. Cotton 5,019,689 gantars (=99.05 lbs.). Commerce. — Merchandise (1918) im- ports £51,155,306. Exports, £45,379,020. Imports from U. S. (1918) £491,326. Exports £4,286^318. Co7mnunicatton. — In March, 1919, Egypt had 2,339 miles of rails, double and single. There were 726 miles of privately owned roads, exclusive of Sudan to Khartoum R. R. — 375 miles. Telegraph and telephone systems, 6,311 miles. Post-offices and stations 2,485. EGYPTOLOGY. See ARCHEOLOGY. EHRENBERG (a'ren-berc), CHRIS- TLAN GOTTFRIED, a German scientist ; bom in Delitzsch, April 19, 1795. After studying theology, medicine, and nat- ural history, he joined in 1820 an expe- dition to Palestine, Egypt, and Abys- sinia, returning to Berlin in 1825. In 1820 he accompanied Humboldt to the Ural and Altai ranges and to central Siberia. His great work on "Infusoria" appeared in 1838, and was at once recog- nized as the highest authority on the subject. It was followed in 1854 by his "Microgeology." He died June 27, 1876. EHRENBREITSTEIN (a'reii-brit- stln), a Prussian fortress of great strength situated opposite the confluence of the Moselle with the Rhine, on a precipitous rock 387 feet above the river, and inaccessible on three sides. It is connected with Coblenz on the opposite shore by a bridge of boats. After the Armistice, ending the World War {q. v.), it was occupied by American troops. EIDER (i'der), a river of Prussia, which rises in Holstein, and forms the boundary between Schleswig and Hol- stein, falling into the North Sea at Ton- ning after a course of 92 miles. By its junction with the Schleswig-Holstein Canal it gives communication between the North Sea and the Baltic. EIFFEL TOWER, THE, a notable structure in Paris, France. The plans