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LEFT EDMUND, ST. 469 EDUCATION all the world as one of the greatest in- ventors of the 19th century. Among his more important inventions may be named the phonograph, a telephone for long dis- tance transmission, a system of duplex telegraphy (vi'hich he subsequently de- veloped into quadruplex and sextuplex transmission), the carbon telephone transmitter, the microtasimeter, the aero- phone, megaphone, the incandescent elec- tric lamp, the kinetoscope, and a storage battery for street railway cars and auto- mobiles. In 1913 by synchronizing the phonograph and kinetoscope he produced talking moving pictures; but the inven- tion is still imperfect. In 1878 he was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French Government, a commander of the Legion in 1889, and was the re- cipient of the insignia of a grand officer of the Crown of Italy bestowed the same year by King Humbert. EDMUND, ST., King of the East Angles, began to reign in 855; was re- vered by his subjects for his justice and piety. In 870 his kingdom was invaded, and he himself slain, by the Danes. The Church made him a martyr, and a town (Bury St. Edmunds) grew up round the place of his sepulture. EDMUND I., King of England, an able and spirited prince; succeeded his brother Athelstan in 940. He conquered Cumbria, which he bestowed on Malcolm, King of Scotland, on condition of doing homage for it to himself. He was slain at a banquet May 26, 946. EDMUND II., sumamed Ironside, King of England, was the eldest son of Ethelred II., and was born in 989. He was chosen king in 1016, Canute having been already elected king by another party. He won several victories over Canute, but was defeated at Assandum in Essex, and forced to surrender the midland and N. counties to Canute. He died after a reign of only seven months. EDMUNDS, GEORGE FRANKLIN, an American lawyer; born in Richmond, Vt., Feb. 1, 1828; received a common school education ; began practicing law in 1849; and two years later removed to Burlington, Vt. In 1866 he was elected to the United States Senate to fill an un- expired term, and was thrice re-elected for full terms. He was the author of the act of March 22, 1882, known as the "Edmunds Act," which provided for the suppression of polygamy in Utah and the disfranchisement of any person convicted of practicing it. He was also the author of the "Anti-trust Law" of 1890. Dur- ing the term of President Arthur he was president pro tempore of the Senate. In 1897 he became chairman of the Mone- tary Commission which had been ap- pointed by the executive committee of the Indianapolis Monetary Conference. After this service Mr. Edmunds returned to the profession of the law. He died in 1919. EDRED, King of England, son of Edward the Elder, succeeded to the throne on the murder of his brother, Edmund I., in May, 946. He quelled a rebellion of the Northumbrian Danes, and died in 955. EDSON, CYRUS, an American bac- teriologist; born in Albany, N. Y., S3pt. 8, 1857; was graduated at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1881 and in the following year was ap- pointed a sanitary inspector. In 1893- 1895 he was health commissioner of New York. Dr. Edson discovered a new treat- ment for consumption, malaria, and other germ diseases, in 1896, which he named aseptolin. He published about 80 medi- cal and sanitary papers, and invented many surgical instruments. He died in New York, N. Y., in 1903. EDUCATION, the art of drawing out or developing the faculties, the training of human beings for the functions for which they are destined. Education means the imparting or gaining of knowledge of every kind, good as well as evil; but specifically it signifies all that broadens a man's mind, disciplines his temper, develops his tastes, corrects his manners, and molds his habits. In a still more limited sense it means any course of training pursued by parents, teachers, or a whole community to train the young physically, mentally, and morally. The means employed in education fall nat- urally under two heads: discipline or moral training, and instruction, or the imparting of information; though the two often run into each other. Under the head of discipline come the forming of habits of order, self-control, obedience, civility, love of truth and reverence for what is good and great. In respect of direct utility the things most necessary to know are those that bear most directly (1) on the preservation of life and health, and the proper performance of the more common industrial labors. This involves a knowledge of the sciences of physiology, natural philosophy, and ♦ the other physical sciences. (2) A knowl- edge of our moral relations. Besides a knowledge of the ordinary moral duties, and the high religious sanctions with which they are enfored, this implies some acquaintance with the laws of economy. (3) As a preliminary step, there is re- quired a knowledge of the mother-tongue, and the faculty of reading and writing it. (4) The cultivation of the taste and