Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 03.djvu/404

LEFT DIANA MONKEY 360 DIABBHCEA As Triceps she was painted with three heads, one of a horse, another of a dog, and the third of a virgin. As Diana she was esteemed the patron goddess of hunting and female chastity, and under a title she sometimes shared with Juno, that of Lucina, her aid was considered propitiatory to women in labor. Diana had a temperament quite as fervid as that of the other members of her august synod, as her amours with Pan, the Carian Shepherd, Endymion, and Orion, fully substantiate. She is represented with a quiver, sometimes attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn in a chariot by two white stags. She is supposed to be the same as the "Isis" of the Egyp- tians, whose worship was introduced into Greece under the name of Artemis, with that of "Osiris" under the name of Apollo. The most famous of her temples was that of Ephesus. DIANA MONKEY (Cercojnthecus Diana), the Simia Diaaui of Linnaeus, or Palatine-monkey of Pennant, an African species of monkey, so named from the crescent-shaped band, resembling that which poets and mythologists assign to the goddess Diana. DIANA OF POITIERS (de-a-na of pwa-tya), a favorite of Henry II. of France; bom in 1499, the eldest daughter of Jean de Poitiers. Married at 13, she became a widow at 32, and ere long at- tached the affections of the 19 years younger dauphin strongly to herself. On his accession as Henry II. (1547) Diana enjoyed great influence and did much to reform the court. She was made Duchess of Valentinois in 1548, retired from court to her castle Chateau d'Anet on the king's death in 1559, and died in 1566. DIANTHXJS, a genus of Caryophyl- lacese, sub-order Sileness. DIAPER, a kind of textile fabric much used for towels and napkins, and formed either of linen or cotton, or a mixture of the two, on the surface of which a flowered or figured pattern is produced by a peculiar mode of twilling. DIAPHORETICS, agents used in med- ical practice for producing a greater de- gree of perspiration than is natural, but less than in sweating. The Turkish bath and a large part of hydropathic treat- ment, diluent drinks, etc., are employed for this purpose. DIAPHRAGM, an inspiratory muscle, and the sole agent in tranquil respiration. It is the muscular septum between the thorax and abdomen, and is composed of two portions, a greater muscle arising from the ensiform cartilage, and a lesser arising from the bodies of the lumbar vertebras by two tendons. There are three openings in the diaphragm, one for the passage of the inferior vena cava, one for the passage of the oesophagus and pneumo-gastric nerves and the aortic, through which passes the aorta, the right vena azygos, and thoracic duct It as- sists the abdominal muscles, which are expiratory, powerfully in expulsion, each act of that kind being accompanied or preceded by a deep inspiration. In optics, an annular disk in a camera or telescope or other optical instrument, to exclude some of the marginal rays of a beam of light. DIARBEKIR (de-ar-be-ker'), a town of Asiatic Turkey, crpital of a province of the same name; situated on the right bank of the Tigris; 390 miles N. W. of Bagdad. The town is surrounded by high strong walls, and commanded by a citadel built on a high basalt rock, against which the flat-roofed houses rise above each other in terraces. The popu- lation has dwindled to 40,000, mostly Kurds and Armenians. The city is the residence of a pasha, and the seat of a Greek bishop, as also usually of the Jacobite patriarch of Antioch. DIARRHCEA, a common disease, which consists in an increased discharge from the alimentary canal, the evacuations be- ing but little aff'ected, except in their as- suming a more liquid consistence. This is generally preceded or accompanied by flatulence and a griping pain in the bowels, and frequently by nausea and vomiting. Most cases of diarrhoea are caused by the eating of indigestible food, especially unripe or overripe fruit, by overloading the stomach, by cold attack- ing the bowels or even the feet, by sudden arrest of perspiration, by unwholesome drinking water, and also by impressions on the nervous system. It is often also the symptom of some other disease. It is noticed that where drainage is imperfect and drinking water impure, diarrhoeal diseases are specially apt to occur (see Cholera) ; the classes of the population most apt to be affected being those who occupy low levels or who are otherwise exposed to the influence of this aqueous or gaseous poison. Infants are espe- cially apt to suffer from diarrhoea, and a large number of the infantile deaths is caused either directly or indirectly by this diease. Besides these epidemic diarrhoeas, iso- lated cases of simpler and more obvious origin are very frequent. In some persons diarrhoea is the usual result of catching colds, i. e., they suffer from catanrh of the digestive, instead of, as is most usual, the respiratory organs; but far more fre-s