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LEFT DEUTZIA 338 DEVIL DETJTZIA (named after John Deutz, a Dutch naturalist), a genus of shrubs, natives of the East Indies, belonging to the natural order Philadelphacex, or syringas. The leaves are used in Japan for polishing purposes, and their inner bark for poultices. DE VALERA, EAMON, President of the "Irish Republic." He was born in New York in 1882, the son of a Spanish artist (Vivion De Valera), and an Irish mother (Catherine Coll). His father died before the son was three years old and the boy was taken to Ireland to be cared for by his maternal grandmother. He received his education in the school of Bruree, Limerick. He entered Black- rock College, Dublin, and after receiving his degree, taught mathematics at Rock- well College, Cashel. He taught at May- nooth Seminary and at Carysport Normal College, Dublin. He became a member of the Gaelic League, and participated in the Gaelic revival. De Valera was prominent among the organizers of the Irish Volunteers in 1913, and when the insurrection against British rule broke out in Ireland during Easter week, 1916, he commanded, with Padraic Pearse, the battalion which held the Dublin post- office and was the last to lay down his arms. On the proclamation of the Irish Republic by the members of the Dail Eireann, assembled in Dublin, De Valera was elected President to succeed Padraic Pearse, who had been executed. He was imprisoned several times and was sen- tenced to death in 1916. In 1919 he escaped from his prison in England and came to America, where during 1919 and 1920 he toured the country, making speeches. In September, 1920, he re- plied to Lord Grey's proposal of do- minion home rule by declaring that the Irish people had established a republic and would be content with nothing short of absolute independence. DEVA'S VALE, the valley of the Dee (or Deva) in Cheshire, England. "He chose a farm in Deva's vale. Where his long alleys peeped upon the main." — Thomson's "Castle of Indolence." DEVELOPMENT, the gradual ad- vance, stage by stage, of animal or vege- table bodies from the embryonic to the perfect state. DEVENTER, a city of Holland, at the junction of the Schepbeek and Yssel rivers. There are several important and interesting mediaeval buildings, includ- ing an early Gothic church, a town hall, and a court house. The industries in- clude carpet and rug factories. There are also manufactures of iron, cigars. rope, and cotton. The city has a large trade in grain and live stock. Pop. about 30,000. DE VERE, SIR AUBREY, an Irish poet; born in Currah Chase, Aug. 28, 1788. His works are: "Julian the Apostate; a Dramatic Poem" (1822); "The Duke of Mercia : a Historical Drama," the volume containing also "The Lamentations of Ireland" (1823) ; "The Song of Faith," (1842) ; and "Mary Tudor: a Historical Drama" (1847). His sonnets Wordsworth de- clared to be "the most perfect of our age." He died July 5, 1846. DEVI (da've), in Hindu mythology, "the goddess," or Mahadevi "the great goddess," wife of the god Shiva and daughter of Himavit (that is, the Hima- laya Mountains) She is represented as being of two characters, one gentle, the other fierce, and it is under the latter aspect that she is generally worshipped. DEVIL, or SATAN, names applied in the New Testament and in Christian theology to the supreme impersonation of evil, considered as possessing an ob- jective existence outside of man, and placed at the head of a host of inferior evil spirits, whose continual occupation is to thwart the good purpose of God and the progress of His kingdom in the hearte of men. It seems certain that this conception was foreign to the early Jew- ish mind, with its strong grasp of the monotheistic idea in the person of the su- preme Jehovah, It is Jehovah Himself who hardens Pharaoh's heart, and sends a lying spirit among the prophets of Ahab, and it is He who is considered as the sole source of all power, the sender of pestilence and death as well as bless- ings. In the exegesis of later days the serpent that tempted Eve in Eden, and the "Old Serpent" of the Apocalypse, were alike identified with Satan, though this interpretation certainly gains no support from the story in Genesis, where the tempter is as yet hardly more than a mere animal, though one of a family almost everywhere specially associated with evil. It is significant that the name Satan occurs but five times in the Old Testa- ment: thrice in Job, where he represents himself among the "sons of God" (Beni Elohim) before the Lord, The Jews had also their demonology like all primitive peoples, as may be seen in the seirim (satyrs, lit, "he-goats") and the shedim, both rendered by "devils" in the authorized version, and perhaps also in the Azazel of Leviticus xvi. ; but it was not till later that a special angel became differentiated from