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LEFT CLIVE 23 CLOCK who, having expostulated with his im- perial master when the latter was in a fit of intoxication, was slain by him, B. C. 328. CLIVE, ROBERT, Lord Clive and Baron of Plassey, an English general and statesman; born in Shropshire, Sept. 29, 1725. In his 19th year he entered the East India Company's service at Madras as a writer, but in 1747 quitted the civil for the military service. The French under Dupleix had recently gained im- portant privileges and large grants of territory, and in alliance with Chunda Sahib, Nabob of Arcot, were threatening the existence of the British establish- ments. In 1751 Clive, who had already a reputation for skill and courage, marched on the large city of Arcot with 200 British troops and 300 Sepoys, and took it, though strongly garrisoned, with- ROBERT CLIVB out a blow; withstood a siege by Chunda Sahib for nearly two months; and at last routed the enemy, took possession of im- portant posts, and returned to Madras completely victorious. In 1753 he sailed to England to recover his health, and was received with much honor. Two years later he was back in India, in his governorship of St. David's, from which he was soon summoned to com- mand the expedition sent to Bengal, where the Nabob Suraj-ud-Dowlah had attacked the British, destroyed their fac- tories, taken Calcutta, and suffocated (Dver 120 of his prisoners in the Black Hole. Clive soon took possession of Cal- cutta and brought Suraj-ud-Dowlah to terms; but having no trust in the loyal intentions of the nabob he resolved to de- throne him. With the help of Meer Jaf- fier, one of the nabob's officers, he effected his purpose, and in the battle of Plassey completely overthrew Suraj-ud-Dowlah 's forces. Meer Jaffier now became the new nabob, and Clive was made Governor of Calcutta. Here he was equally success- ful against the encroachments of the Dutch, defeating their forces both by sea and land. Clive now visited England again, where his success was highly applauded without much inquiry as to the means; and in 1761 he was raised to the Irish peerage, with the title of Lord Clive, Baron of Plassey. In 1764 fresh troubles in India took him back, but now as Presi- dent of Bengal, with command of the troops there. Before his arrival, how- ever. Major Adams had already defeated the Nabob of Oude, and Lord Clive had only the arranging of the treaty by which the company obtained the disposal of all the revenues of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa. In 1767 he finally returned to England. In 1773 a motion was made in the House of Commons, that "Lord Clive had abused the powers with which he was intrusted"; but it was rejected for a resolution that "Lord Clive had rendered great and meritorious services to his country." His health was by this time broken, and in one of his habitual fits of melancholy he put an end to his life, Nov, 22, 1774. CLOACA, a sewer, an underground drain or conduit. The Roman Cloaca Maxima (the greatest or main sewer) is said to have been constructed, or at least be^n under the auspices of King Tar- qumius Friscus, about B. c. 588. CLOCK, an instrument for measuring and indicating the time of day. From the earliest periods of human history man has sought to measure time. To pastoral or agricultural nations where the duties of each day were monotonous and bounded by the four great divisions of sunrise, midday, sunset, and midnight, extreme accuracy was not important. The first measure of time was the sun-dial, but this being of no service at night or on cloudy days, the hour-glass was invented, next the clepsydra, subsequently im- proved by the addition of a toothed wheel and index or sort of dial driven by the water which flowed from the bottom of the jar. These have been in use 2,000 years. The next improvement was the substitution of a weight for the water to turn the wheel. This has been attributed to Archimedes. Some contrivance was