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LEFT CLEMENT VII. 16 CLEON CLEMENT VII. (GlULIO DE MedICI), nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent, and cousin of LcJ X., succeeded Adrian VI. in 1523. He entered into the "holy league" with Francis I. of France, the Italian princes, and Henry VIII. of Eng- land, against the Emperor Charles V. In the war which ensued, Rome was taken and plundered, and the Pope him- self was shut up in the castle of St. Angelo. He had, consequently, to make terms with Charles. Subsequently, Henry VIII., having repudiated Cath- arine of Aragon and married Anne Bol- eyn, Clement excommunicated him in 1534. This occasioned a schism, and ulti- mately resulted in the separation of Eng- • land from the Church of Rome. He died in 1534, and was succeeded by Paul III. CLEMENT VIII. (IPPOLITO ALDO- BRANDINI), bom in Fano, 1536, was elected in 1592, succeeding Innocent IX. He absolved Henry IV. of France, upon that monarch making public profession of Catholicism, and was chiefly instru- mental in bringing about the peace of Vervins in 1598. He elevated to the rank of cardinal, Baronius, Bellarmine, and other distinguished men, and was a learned and sagacious pontiff. He died in 1605 and was succeeded by Leo XI. CLEMENT IX. (GlULIO ROSSPIGLI- OSI), born in Pistoia, 1600; succeeded Alexander VII. in 1667. During his pontificate, Candia was taken from the Venetians by the Turks. He died in 1666, and was succeeded by CLEMENT X. (Emilio Altieri), bom in 1590. Being of great age, the govern- ment was left in the hands of Cardinal Paluzzi, a distant relative. He died in 1676, and was succeeded by Innocent XI. CLEMENT XI. (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO Albani), born in Pesaro, 1649, succeeded Innocent XII., 1700. His pontificate was disturbed by the quarrels of the Jesuits and the Jansenists, and on issuing the famous bull "Unigenitus," a schism was produced, which lasted many years, be- tween France and Rome. He died in 1721, and was succeeded by Innocent xin. CLEMENT XII. (LORENZO Dl COR- SINI), bom in Florence, 1652, succeeded Benedict XIII. in 1730, and reformed many abuses of the Church. He died in 1740, and was succeeded by Benedict XIV. CLEMENT XIII. (CARLO REZZONICO), bom in Venice, 1693, succeeded Benedict XIV., 1758. The Jesuits having been ex- pelled from France, Spain, Portugal, and Naples, he made great but useless efforts to reinstate them. In 1768 he lost Avi- gnon and Benevento. He died in 1769. There is a splendid mausoleum to him in St. Peter's, executed by Canova, who was eight years employed on it. He was suc- ceeded by CLEMENT XIV. (Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli), born in St. Arc- angelo, 1705. Being of a conciliating disposition, he lived on good terms with all the European courts, and recovered Avignon and Benevento, which had been lost under the preceding pontiff. Pressed to decide the question «f the abolition of the order of the Jesuits, he, in 1773, after temporizing for several years, issued the bull ordaining their suppres- sion. He died in 1774, and was suc- ceeded by Pius VI. CLEMENT, JACQUES, the assassin of Henry HI. of France; born in 1567, became a Dominican, and the fanatical tool of the Dukes of Mayenne and Au- male, and the Duchess Montpensier. Having fatally stabbed the king, he was at once killed by the courtiers; but the populace, instigated by the priests, re- garded him as a martyr; and Pope Six- tus V. even pronounced his panegyric. CLEOBULUS, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was a native of the Isle of Rhodes, and lived in the 6th century B.C. CLEOMBROTUS, King of Sparta, gave battle, at Leuctra, to the Thebans, head- ed by Epaminondas, and was there killed, 371 B. C. This battle, when the Spartan army was almost entirely destroyed, put an end to the pre-eminence of Sparta in Greece. CLEOMENES, the King of Sparta who assisted in the expulsion of Happias from Athens, and interfered in its do- mestic affairs in other respects, about the years 510, 508, and 504 B. C. CLEOMENES, a Spartan king, who attempted to revive the constitution of Lycurgus. He was defeated by the Achaean League at Sellasia in 221 B. c, and killed himself soon afterward. CLEON, an Athenian demagogue, originally a tanner by trade. He was well known in public before the death of Pericles, and in 427 B. C. distinguished himself by the proposal to put to death the adult males of the revolted Myti- leneans and sell the women and children as slaves. In 425 he took Sphacteria from the Spartans; but in 423 and 422 he was violently attacked by Aristoph- anes in the Knights and in the Wasps. He was sent, however, in 422 against Brasidas, but allowed himself to be taken unawares, and was slain while attempt- ing to flee.