Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 03.djvu/254

LEFT CBUIESHANE 210 CRYOLITE "State Bureau of Child and Animal Protection." CRUtKSHANK, GEORGE, an Eng- lish pictorial satirist; born in London, Sept. 27, 1792. A publication, "The Scourge" (1811-1816), afforded scope for the display of his satiric genius, and from that time forth he continued to pur- sue with remarkable success this his true vein. His illustrations for Hone's polit- ical squibs and pamphlets, and especially those dealing with the Queen Caroline trial, attracted much attention; but in the exquisite series of colored etchings contributed to the "Humorist" (1819- 1821), and in the etchings to the "Points of Humour" (1823-1824), did his true artistic power begin to be visible. This second, and in many ways finest, period of his art, represented by these works, culminated in the etchings to "Peter Schlemihl" (1823), and to Grimm's "Ger- man Popular Stories" (1824-1826), His numerous plates in "Bentley's Miscel- lany" mark a third period of his art, in which he aimed at greater elaboration and completeness. The finest of these are the series to Dickens* "Oliver Twist," to Ainsworth's "Jack Sheppard," and in "The Tower of London" and "Windsor Castle." As a water-colorist he left work marked by considerable skill and delicacy. In his late years he de- voted himself to oil-painting. His most important picture was "Worship of Bacchus" (1862). He died Feb. 1, 1878. CRUISER, one who cruises about; specifically, an armed vessel which cruises about, either to protect the com- merce of its own country or to inflict damage on that of another. The cruiser rates just below the battleship and just above the gunboat. An armored cruiser has side or vertical armor and horizontal or deck armor. A protected cruiser has horizontal or deck armor only. An un- protected cruiser has no armor. See Navy. CRUSADE, a military expedition under the banner of the cross, as that against the infidels of the Holy Land; also any war or expedition undertaken on pretense of defending the cause of religion; a romantic or enthusiastic en- terprise; as, a crusade against vice. In the European history of the Middle Ages, crusades were wars undertaken by confederacies of chiefs and soldiers, with a religious object. Those which were engaged in by a great part of the nations of Europe for the recovery of Palestine from the infidels, are now fre- quently denoted by this peculiar name. The term crusade is derived from the sacred symbol of the cross, which was borne by the warriors engaged in it over their arms; the color of the cross often served to designate the nation of the soldier; as the white cross on a red ground, France; the red cross on a white ground, England. The principal crusades for the con- quest of Palestine were: 1. The first, A. D. 1096, excited by the preaching of Peter the Hermit and the encouragement of Pope Urban II., in which Godfrey of Bouillon headed the Christians, who made themselves masters of Jerusalem and a great part of Palestine. 2. The second, a. d. 1142, in which Conrad III. of Germany and Louis VII. of France led armies to complete the conquest of Palestine, but without success. 3. The third, A. D. 1189, was occasioned by the capture of Jerusalem by Sultan Saladin ; Frederick (Barbarossa) of Germany, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard Goeur de Lion of England, were the chief among the confederate monarchs; the capture of Acre was almost the only fruit of this great expedition. 4, The fourth crusade was conducted by the King of Hungary, Andrew II., in 1217. 5. The fifth (1228) was conducted by Frederick II. (grandson of Barbarossa), who recovered Jerusalem, but for a short time. 6. The sixth, a. d. 1248, by Saint Louis, King of France, against Egypt, but without success. Among other wars which have been at various times denoted by the name of crusade, that against Raymond, Count of Toulouse, and his heretical vassals, the Albigeois, of which the first leader was the famous Simon de Montfort, is the most memorable. CRUSTACEANS, a class of articulated animals, agreeing with insects, arachni- da, and myriopoda, in having articulated limbs, but differing from them in im- portant respects, and particularly from all of them in the adaptation of the organs of respiration to an aquatic life, even those of them which live on land being generally inhabitants of damp places, and breathing by a kind of gills. Some of the lowest and minute aquatic crustaceans, indeed, are not provided with gills; but with the aeration of the blood is supposed to take place through the surface of the body. The crusta- ceans derive their name from the hard armor which in most of them covers their whole body. CRYOLITE, a mineral composed of aluminum, sodium, and fluorine. It is found in large quantities in Greenland. The name, which signifies ice or frost stone, was given it by Abildgaard, who discovered it in 1800. It also occurs m the Ural Mountains, but not abundantly. The mines at Ivigtut, Greenland, have