Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 03.djvu/249

LEFT CRONKHITE 205 CBOOKES heroically with an inferior force till forced to surrender to Lord Roberts at Klip River, near Paardeberg, Oiange Free State. He was exiled to St. Helena in May, 1900. He visited the United Sta es in 1905. He died in 1911. CRONKHITE, ADELBERT, an Amer- ican soldier, born in New York City in 1861. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1882 and from the Artillery School in 1886, rose through the various grades, and became a colon'-] in the Coast Artillery Corps in 1911 and brigadier-general in 1917. On April 5 of that year he was appointed major-general. He served in the opera- tions against the Indians in 1891 and in Cuba and the Philippines in 1898. He was commander of the coast defenses of eastern New York from 1911 to 1914 and of the coast defenses of Panama and the Panama Canal Department from 1914 to 1917. From September, 1917, to May 28, 1919, he was commander of the 80th Division of the National Army. He saw service on the western front at St. Mihiel and in the Meuse-Argonne. He held the rank of major-general during this period. CRONSTADT or KRONSTADT, a maritime fortress of Russia, about 20 miles V/. of Petrograd, in the narrow- est part of the gulf of Finland, op- posite to the mouth of the Neva, on a long, narrow, rocky island, forming, both by its position and the strength of its fortifications, the bulwark of the capital, and being also the most important naval station of the empire. It was founded by Peter the Great in 1710, and has spa- cious regular streets with many hand- some houses and chvirches, very large marine establishments, a naval arsenal, a cannon-foundry, building yard, docks, etc. The harbor consists of three sepa- rate basins — a merchant haven, capable of containing 1,000 ships; a central haven for the repair of ships of war; and the war haven, all of which are de- fended by strong fortifications. Cron- stadt used to be the commercial port of Petrograd, It was here in 1917 that the revolt of the Russian fleet began. A Committee of Workers and Soldiers Delegates assumed power in June of that year, defying the provisional gov- ernment at Petrogi-ad. Preparations to Kerensky. Cronstadt then became a naval base for the Soviet government. CROOK, GEORGE, an American mili- tary officer; bom near Dayton, 0., Sept, 8, 1828. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1852, and rose to the rank of Major-General. In the Civil War he greatly distinguished himself at South Mountain, Antietam, Chickamauga, and Appomattox. After the war he achieved celebrity in cam- paigns against the Indians as com- mander of the districts of Idaho and Ari- zona. From 1888 until his death, ho commanded the Military Division of the Missouri. He died in Chicago, March 1, 1890. CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM, an Eng- lish physicist and chemist; born in Lon- don in 1832; studied at the Royal College of Chemistry under Hofmann, and after 1851 dev'jted himself to original re- searches in science. He invented the radiometer in 1875, and the otheoscope in 1877, and announced in 1879 his dis- covery of the fourth or ultra-gaseous state of matter. In 1880 the French Academie des Sciences bestowed on him an extraordinary prize of 3,000 francs and a gold medal in recognition of his discoveries in molecular physics and ra- SIR WILLIAM CROOKES diant matter. In 1881 he acted as Juror at the International Exhibition of Electric- ity in Paris. In this official position he was not entitled to a medal, but in the official report his fellow jurors, after discussing the merits of four systems of incandescent lamps, declared — "None of li — Vol. Ill— Cyc
 * rush the revolt ceased with the fall of