Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 03.djvu/244

LEFT CRISP 200 CROATIA-SLAVONIA the years of prosperity, the period of overconfidence, the sudden failures here and there of conspicuous landmarks in the mercantile world, the increase of other failures, the panic and decline, the stagnant condition, and then the gradual return of confidence and activity after the lowest point had been reached in 1876. The list of business failures in those years tells the tale. Year Number Uabllitlea 1871 2,915 4,069 5,183 5,830 7,740 9,092 4,735 $85,252,000 1872 121,056,000 1873 228,499 000 1874 155,239,000 1875 201,000,000 1876 1.91,117.000 1880 65,752,000 CRISP, CHARLES FREDERICK, an American jurist; born in Sheffield. Eng- land, Jan. 24, 1845; removed to Ameri- cus, Ga. ; served in the Confederate army from 1861 to 1864; was admitted to the bar in 1866 ; was Solicitor-General of the State from 1872 to 1877; he was Judge of the Supreme Court from 1877 to 1882. He resigned the last office to accept a nomination for Congress, of which body he was chosen speaker in 1891, and again in 1893. He died at Atlanta, Ga., Oct. 23, 1896. CRISPI, FRANCESCO, an Italian statesman; bom in Ribera, Sicily, Oct. 4, 1819. He studied law at the iJniver- sity of Palermo and settled at Naples in 1846. Since tihen he has been an im- • portant factor in Italian history. He took part in the conspiracies that led to the overthrow of the Two Sicilies, after which he fled to France for a time; served as a major under Garibaldi in 1860, and in 1861 was returned by Pa- lermo to the first Italian Parliament, and became President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1876. He was made Min- ister of the Interior in 1877, Prime Min- ister in 1887 and again in 1893. He was a warm friend of Bismarck. He became unpopular with tlie people on account of taxation and two attempts were made to assassinate him. He died Aug. 11, 1901. CRISPIN, saint and martyr ; about the middle of the 3d century, under the reign of Diocletian, fled, along with his brother Crispinian, from Rome, into Gaul, where he worked as a shoemaker in the town which is now called Soissons, and distin- guished himself by his exertions for the spread of Christianity, as well as by his works of charity. In A. D. 287 he and his brother suff'ered martyrdom by being thrown into a caldron of molten lead. Both are commemorated on Oct, 25. Crispin is the universally recognked patron saint of shoemakers. CRITIAS, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans. He was of good family, and a man of consider- able talents, but of dangerous principles. He cultivated eloquence and Cicero citea him among the public speakers of that day. He also had a talent for poetry, some fragments of which have reached us. Critias turned his attention likewise to philosophical studies, and was one of the disciples of Socrates. Banished from Athens for some cause that is not known, he retired to Thessaly, where he incited an insurrection among the Penestae or serfs. Subsequent to this he visited Sparta, and wrote a treatise on the laws and institutions of that republic. Re- turning to Athens alon^ with Lysander, 404 B. c, he was appointed one of the 30, his pride of birth and hatred of demagogues fitting him for that office. After a cruel and oppressive use of the power thus conferred upon him, he fell in battle against Thrasybulus and his followers. CRITTENDEN, THOMAS LEONI- DAS, an American military officer; born in Russellville, Ky„ May 15, 1819. He was educated for the law, and in 1842 became State attorney for Kentucky. He served as an officer in the Mexican War, and in 1849 was appointed consul at Liv- erpool. On the outbreak of the Civil War he became Brigadier-General of vol- unteers, and in 1862 was promoted to Major-General. He distinguished him- self at Shiloh, Stone River, and Chicka- mauga. He was placed on the retired list in 1881. He died in Annandale, N. Y., Oct. 23, 1893. CROATIA-SLAVONIA, formerly a province or administrative division in the S. W. of the Austrian dominions in the Hungarian portion of the monarchy, partly bounded by the Adriatic. Since the World War a province of Greater Serbia (Jugoslavia). Area, 16,417 square miles. Its surface is irregular, the Alps extending into it, and culminat- ing at the height of 4,400 feet. The Drave and the Save divide between them the whole drainage system. In the N. on low sunny slopes, the vine is success- fully cultivated ; the olive, mulberry, and fig thrive well on the coast. The S. is generally unfertile, and in many parts almost sterile. The principal crops are barley and oats; but the whole country is more pastoral than arable. The in- habitants are Croats and Serbs, with a mixture of Germans, Hungarians, Jews, and Gypsies. About three-fourths of the ponulation are Catholics, the rest belong chiefly to the Greek Church, Capital,