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LEFT CRATER 189 CRAWFORD species of the genus — viz., C mexicana and C pyracantha — are evergreens. CRATER (a cup), the central cup- shaped cavity in the summit of a volcano through which the lava, stones, scoria, etc., are for the most part ejected. CRATER (the bowl, or goblet), a con- stellation S. of the equator and N. of HyJra, one of Ptolemy's original 48. Its brightest star is only a little above the fourth magnitude. The constellation lies between Leo, Virgo, Corvus, Hydra, and Sextans. CRATER LAKE, a small lake in the Cascade Mountains, in Oregon, remark- able for its well of perpendicular rock, from 1,000 to 2,000 feet high. CRAWFISH, or CRAYFISH, a name of various crustaceous animals, the com- mon crawfish being the river lobster, a macrurous (long-tailed), 10-footed crus- tacean, resembling the lobster in appear- ance and habits. It inhabits the fresh waters of Europe and the N. of Asia, and is common in some of the streams of England. In the United States crawfish of the genus Astacus and Cambdrus occur. CRAWFORD, COE ISAAC, an Amer- can public official; bom at Volney, la., Jan. 14, 1858. He was graduated from the University of Iowa, admitted to the bar, and began the practice of law at Independence, la., in 1883, removing in 1884" to Dakota Territory. In 1886 he was appointed Attorney of Hughes coun- ty, and in 1889 became a member of the Territorial Legislative Council. He was elected Governor of South Dakota by the Republicans in 1907, and served as United States Senator from 1909-1915. CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION, an American novelist; bom in Tuscany, Italy, Aug. 2, 1853; son of Thomas Crawford (q. v.). He was educated at Concord, N. H.; Trinity College, Cam- bridge* Karlsrune, and Heidelberg. At Rome he devoted himself to the study of Sanskrit, and during 1879-1880 was en- gaged in press work at Allahabad, where he was admitted to the Catholic Church. He was selected by the government com- mittee to write the National Ode at the centennial of the American Constitution, Sept. 17, 1887. His first novel, "Mr. Isaacs" (1882), was a book of striking and quite unusual merit, securing a new romantic element in certain of the as- pects and contrasts of modern Oriental life. His works include: "Dr. Claudius" (1883) ; "To Leeward" (1883) ; "A Roman Singer" (1884) ; "Zoroaster" (1885) ; "A Tale of a Lonely Parish" (1886) ; "Saracinesca" (1887) ; "Mar- zio's Crucifix" (1887); "Paul PatoflF" (1887); "Greifenstein" (1889); "Sant Ilario" (1889); "A Cigarette-Maker's Romance" (1890); "The Witch of Prague" (1891) ; "Khaled" (1891) ; "The Three Fates" (1892) ; "Katharine Lau- derdale," and its sequel "The Ralstons" F. MARION CRAWFORD (1895); "Casa Braccio" (1895); "Ta- quisara" (1896) ; "A Rose of Yesterday" (1897) ; "Corleone" (1897) ; "Ave, Roma Immortalis," "In the Palace of the King," "Via Crucis," "Rulers of the South." He died April 8, 1909. CRAWFORD. THOMAS, an American sculptor; born in New York City, March 22, 1814. His most famous works com- prise "Orpheus and Cerberus," "Adam and Eve," "Hebe and Ganymede," "Mer- cury and Psyche," and "Dancing Jenny." He performed important works for the National Government and State of Vir- ginia. He died in London, Oct. 16, 1857. CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS, an American statesman; born in Am- herst CO., Va., Feb. 24, 1772. In 1783, he settled in Columbia co., Ga., began teaching school, was admitted to the bar in 1798, and entered on practice in Lexington. He assisted in compiling the first digest of State laws, was elected to the State Senate in 1802, and to the United States Senate to fill a vacancy in IS — Vol. in — Cyc