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LEFT CONDENSATION 101 CONDORCET (of Franche-Comte. In the war with Hol- land, in 1672, he was wounded for the only time. His last great exploit was his victory over William, Prince of Orange (William III.), at Senef, in 1674. A martyr to the gout, he retired in the following year to Chantilly. He died in 1686. ^ ConiJe, Louis Joseph, Prince de, born in Paris in 1736, was brought up by his uncle, the Count of Charolais, served in the Seven Years' War, and distinguished himself at the battles of Hastenbeck, Minden, and Johannisberg. He became the associate of the Dauphin. After the fall of the Bastille he emigrated. The murder of his young grandson, the Due d'Enghien, by Napoleon, affected him pro- foundly. At the Restoration, he returned with Louis XVIII. to France, lived again at Chantilly, and was the author of an "Essai sur kt, vie du grand Conde." He died in 1818. The great family of Conde became extinct, Aug. 27, 1830, in the person of the Due de Bourbon, Louis Henri Joseph. CONDENSATION, the reduction of anjrthing to another and denser form, as of a vapor or gas to a liquid, or a liquid to a solid ; the passage of gases or vapors from the aeriform to the liquid state. It may be due to one of three causes: coolness, compression, or chemical affin- ity. When vapors are condensed their latent heat becomes free. The condensa- tion of liquids is the reduction of a liquid to smaller bulk, with a proportionate in- crease in the sp. gr. CONDENSED MILK, milk reduced greatly in bulk and rendered proportion- ately denser. Gail Borden (g. v.) in 1849 invented a process for the condensa- tion of milk, which has since been car- ried out extensively in the United States and Europe. CONDENSER, one who or that which condenses. Steam-engine. — An apparatus for re- ducing to a liquid form the steam in front of the piston, so as to obtain a partial vacuum at that point, and thus utilize the natural pressure of the atmosphere. Watt invented the injection condenser and the separate condenser. The surface con- denser has a series of flat chambers or tubes, usually the latter, in which the steam is cooled by a body of water sur- rounding the tubes. Distilled water for ships' use is obtained by the condensa- tion of steam in a surface condenser. Distilling. — The still-condenser is an apparatus generally made of the worm- tub form; the coil containing the alco- holic vapor traversing a tub which re- ceives a constant accession of cold water, condensing the vapor in the coil. The liquid escapes at a cock valve below. Metal. — An apartment in which metal- lic or deleterious gaseous fumes are con- densed to prevent their escape into, and contamination of, the atmosphere. The device consists of a prolonged duct for the fumes, with showers of water to con- dense the volatile matters. Electricity. — (1) An instrument for concentrating electricity by the effect of induction. It usually consists of a con- folded sheet of tin-foil, whose layers are separated by a thin sheet having a non- conducting surface. (2) With induction apparatus, a de- vice for absorption or suppression of the extra current, induced by the rapid breaks in the main current. (3) An instrument in which an elec- tric spark passes between the poles in a closed glass cylinder, so as to be employed in burning metals in an atmosphere of any given tenuity or specific chemical character, to obtain the spectra of metals or gases free from accidental character- istics of the general atmosphere for the time being. CONDIMENTS, or seasoning agents, are employed at table to impart a flavor to food. The principal condiments are butter and olive oil, salt, mustard, gin- ger, pepper, vinegar, pickles, sugar, and honey. CONDOR, a magnificent vulture, Sar- coramphus or Sarcorhamphus gryphus, native to the Andes, with a wing expan- sion of from 9 to 12 feet. The male con- dor has a comb on its head. Both sexes have a ruff round their necks. Their bodies are usually deep black, with a tinge of gray; the wing coverts in the males are white, at least at the tips; the legs are bluish -gray. Children are re- puted to be in no danger from it, though two condors will attack the vicuna, the heifer, and even the puma. The species is found in most parts of the Andes, es- pecially in Peru and Chile. CONDORCET (kon-dor-sa'), MARIE JEAN ANTOINE NICOLAS DE CARI- TAT, MARQUIS DE, a French writer; born near St. Quentin, Sept. 17, 1743. At the age of 21 he presented to the Acad- emy of Sciences an "Essay on the Inte- gral Calculus," and in 1767 his "Memoir of the Problem of Three Points" ap- peared. The merit of his work gained for him in 1769 a seat in the Academy of Sciences, of which, after the publication of his "Eulogy on the Academicians hav- ing died before 1699" (1773), he was ap- pointed perpetual secretary (1777). In 1777 his "Theory of Comets" gained the prize offered by the Academy of Berlin;